Test 3

Question 1

According to the textbook, research on the development of the self-concept using the “red dye” test (placing a red dot on the forehead of the child and then showing the child his or her reflection in the mirror and seeing whether the child touches the red dot on the the “baby in the mirror” or his or her own head) indicates that the self-concept in human infant develops at, on average age

Answer 1

18-24 months

Question 2

Psychologist who have studied the development of self-concept over the lifespan have found that the self-concept starts out ________ and gradually becomes ________ with increasing age.
A) extremely positive; more realistic
B) concrete; more abstract and complex
C) extremely negative; more positive
D) individually focused; socially focused

Answer 2

B) concrete; more abstract and complex

Question 3

Whereas Americans have a proverb, “the squeaky wheel gets the grease,” Japanese have a proverb that states “The nail that stands out gets pounded down.” These two different proverbs mirror social-psychological research that has demonstrated that people in Asian cultures.
A) are more authoritarian than Americans
B) are more likely to defer to authority than are Americans
C) have a more interdependent concept of self than do Americans
D) Do not hold different self-concepts

Answer 3

C) Have a more interdependent concept of self than do Americans

Question 4

People who are high in “relational interdependence”

Answer 4

focus more on their feelings about close relationships

Question 5

Earl wants to understand his self-concept better, so he sits quietly by himself and thinks about who he is and what his values and attitudes are. What is Earl engaged in.

Answer 5

Introspection- The process where by people look inward and examine their own, thoughts, feelings and emotions

Question 6

From the perspective of self-awareness theory, alcohol abuse, binge eating and suicide are alike in that they

Answer 6

provide temporary or permeate relief from unpleasant self-awareness.

Question 7

A basic tenet of self-perception theory is that we infer our feelings from our behavior when

Answer 7

the reasons for our attitudes of feelings are ambiguous

Question 8

Simone runs simply because it gives her pleasure to exercise outside and to leave her daily worries behind as she works up a sweat. In this instance, Simone is ______ to run.

Answer 8

Intrinsically motivated

Question 9

According to the authors of you text, ________ explains why providing you children large rewards for reading (e.g., money, prizes) might actually backfire and convince them they don’t really like reading as much as they thought at first

Answer 9

the over justification effect

Question 10

While riding a harrowing roller coaster, Jim notices that the person sitting next to him is extremely attractive and he resolves to get her phone number when the ride is over. Jim is probably doing this because he is

Answer 10

misattributing his arousal for the roller coaster ride to sexual attraction

Question 11

Members of the Heaven’s Gate cult, who “knew” there was a spaceship following the Hale-Bopp comet, returned a perfectly good telescope they had purchased because they failed to see the spaceship they “knew”was there. Such behavior demonstrates that

Answer 11

people will often go to extreme lengths to justify their action of beliefs

Question 12

Cognitive dissonance always

Answer 12

produces discomfort

Question 13

Talia loves animals but still eats meat. When she experiences dissonance about the contradiction, she tells herself that she also volunteers her time at an animal shelter. This manner of reducing dissonance involves

Answer 13

self affirmation

Question 14

Scott believes very strongly that saccharine is an unsafe sugar substitute that may even cause cancer. Even though Scott is diabetic and thus should be using sugar substitutes, he often opts for sugar-laden foods and drinks to avoid saccharine. “I’ll just exercise more later; the sugar isn’t a big deal. I’m really being healthier by avoiding saccharine”, he thinks to himself. Scott’s behavior and thoughts are examples of ________ in the face of cognitive dissonance

Answer 14

rationalizaing

Question 15

Lisa and Marcia have a really tough exam in anthropology.  Both women are considering cheating on the exam. Based on what you read about cognitive dissonance, Lisa, who \_\_\_\_, is likely to later report that all hearts should be punished severely, and Marcia who \_\_\_\_\_\_, is likely to report the cheating really is no big deal because there are no victims
A) cheated; did not cheat
B) cheated; cheated
C) did not cheat; cheated
D) did not cheat; did not cheat

Answer 15

C) did not cheat; cheated

Question 16

Which of the following people is using an internal justification to reduce dissonance?

a) Betty, who points to the fact that she was coerced into an undesirable behavior
b) Colin, who identifies a large reward as the cause of his behavior
c) Terri, who changes her attitude to bring it in line with an undesirable behavior
d) Jessie, who reconciles herself to the discomfort that dissonance produce

Answer 16

C) Terri who is changed her attitude to bring in line with an undesirable behavior

Question 17

Recall that Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) paid participants either $1 or $20 to tell someone else that a tedious, boring task was really interesting. Participant paid______ modified their original attitudes because they had ______ for lying.

a) $20; minimal external justification
b) $1 little external justification
c) $ 20; an abundance of external justification
d) $1l little internal justification

Answer 17

B) $1; little external justification

Question 18

According to the principle of insufficient punishment, which of the following parental techniques should be most effective in changing a child’s behavior permanently (i.e., even behavior that occurs in the absence of the parent)?

Answer 18

threat of mild punishment