Test 3 Flashcards
In insect and animal development what does Hox genes play a role in?
It determines morphology. It determines what limbs go where and how many of them
there are.
What do animals have in common?
Hox genes.
What’s the significance of flagellated protists?
They are the closest living relatives of animals.
What is the significance of the Cambrian period in today’s animals?
Increased O2, Predator-prey relationships, development of locomotion that allowed animals to move on to land, more complex hox gene evolution, duplication of genes, and development of biomineral (chitin) exoskeletons to creat hard bodies.
What would you not expect to find in the ediacaran period?
You wouldn’t find hard bodied animals. There were only soft bodied animals during that period, no hard parts, no exoskeletons.
In the Cambrian radiation, what genetic process was most helpful?
Gene duplication. This allowed organisms to become more complex.
How would an organism with radial symmetry move?
It would drift on currents.
Organisms with bilateral symmetry move front to back or side to side.
Know the characterstics of a sponge (porifera).
No true tissues (muslces, nerves, or organs), assymetrical, sessile (doesn’t move), has choanocytes (generate a current through their body to filter feed), they are neither triploblastic nor diploblastic – they are a basil animal. (so they only have 1 germ layer), .
Know what groups contain diploblastic organisms (have only 2 germ layers)
Cnidarians (jellies and corals) they also have radial symmetry.
What groups contain deuterostomes?
Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata (star fish), Chordata (All vertebrates)
When does the blastopore first appear?
Gastrolation
Know the characteristics of protostomes.
- Protostomes – Devleop mouth first, determinate growth, spiral cleavage, formed from the mesoderm.
- Dueterstomes – Develops anus first, indeterminate growth, radial growth.
Know the characteristics of ecdysozoans.
They all have a hard exoskeleton and shed it through a process called ecdysis (molting).
What group does echinoderms and chordates belong to?
Dueterostomes.
What where the factors that influenced the Cambrian explosion?
Increased O2, Predator-prey relationships, development of locomotion that allowed animals to move on to land, more complex hox gene evolution, duplication of genes, and development of biomineral (chitin) exoskeletons to create hard bodies.
What do sponges (Porifera) lack that other animal phyla have?
True Tissues (muslces, nerves, or organs) and symmetry.
What are choanocytes?
Cells that help the feeding process of sponges by generating a current through the sponges body so that it can filter feed.
What are amoebocytes?
They help in digestion and manufacture skeleton fibers (spicules) that provide structural material of sponges.
What are cribrostatin?
They create Antibiotics.
Know the Characteristics of Cnideria.
Cnideria are jellyfish. They have true tissues, they have both a non-motile (sessile) and motile form. The polyp form is like seas anemones, they don’t move around. The medusa form is like the free floating jellyfish that drift around in the water current. They are diploblastic (2 primary tissues), they have radial symmetry, hthey have a sack with
digestive and vascular components, they are carnivores, they have cnidocytes (capture and hold food), and they have stinging capsules (pneumatocytes).
Know the Characteristics of Cnideria again.
Just know all of the characteristics from question 20. He will probably ask something like “which of the following is not a characteristic of jellyfish?” in both of these questions.
What members of Cnideria only occur as polyps?
Anthozoas (sea anemonies and corals).
What are scyphozoan?
A typical jellyfish. Scyphozoan is a class of cnideria often considered to be “the true Jellyfish”. They the animal that most people think of when they talk about “jellyfish”.
Which flatworm is not a parasite?
Turbellaria
What is the intermediate for blood fluke (trematode) infection?
Snails. (this will probably be a story question). They start out in fecal contaminated water, then they get into the legs of people who walk in the water, they live in the digestive tract of those people until they get pooped out. Then they live in digestive tract of snails, who carry them back to the water to start the cycle all over again. The question might ask “In order to eliminate blood flukes, what intermediate has to be destroyed?”. Because you don’t want to destroy humans, you would say that the snail intermediate should be destroyed to stop further propagation of the parasite.
Know signs and symptoms for tapeworm? Route of infection. (there may be 3 questions on this)
Loss of body weight, teeth, aches, tired, fatigue, butt itches, white fleks in poop. It comes from un-cooked or under-cooked pork. The medicine Niclosamide is a chewable tablet used against tape worm infections.
know the characteristics of rotifera.
They reproduce by parthenogenesis (The female can asexually produce more females without a male. Asexual reproduction), they’re very small, they can live in fresh water, salt water, or soil, they have an alimentary canal, they have digestive tube with separate mouth and anus, they’re digestive organs lie in a pseudocoelom.
know how the tapeworm is able to get its nutrients.
They absorb their nutrients from their host.
know the characteristics and development of mollusks.
Visceral mass, mantle, radula (grasping organ), hemophodites, in their larval stage they are Trochophores (free swimming larva), and they have a muscular foot.
Know what a lophophore is used for. Pg. 677
For eating. It is used by suspension feeders, because they are tentacles around the mouth that capture food and bring it into the mouth.
Know what molluscan undergoes embryonic torsion. Pg. 678-679
Gastropods (snails). Embryonic torsion is a 180° rotation where the anus moves up over the head during development.
What classes use radula (a tongue-like thing used for feeding)? Pg.678-679
Gastropods (snails and slugs), cephalopods, and Polyplacophora (chitons).
How do bivalves feed? Pg. 679
They are suspension feeders. They float around and feed through gill slits, then they trap food on a mucus membrane on the lophophore, and move it to the mouth.
What class releases anticoagulant and was used medicially? Pg. 682
Hirudinea (leaches)
know the characteristics of nematodes (round worms). Pg. 683
Ecdysis (molting), they live in soild and water, they are coered by a cuticle that can shed, they can do gas exchange through the cuticle (they breath through their skin), they have an alimentary canal, they lack a circulatory system, they get nutrients through a pseudocoelom.
know the characteristics of arthropods (bugs). Pg. 685
Jointed appendages, exoskeleton (made of chitin), bilateral symmetry, most numerous and successful animal phylum on earth, open circulatory system that uses hemolymph, and they have segmented bodies, have 3 primary germ layers, Protastome development (mouth before anus).
