Test 3 Flashcards
Where loop diuretics exert their action
thick ascending loop
most uncomplicated UTIs are caused by
E coli
The kidney plays a central role in blood pressure regulation by
RAAS
the functional unit of the kidney
nephron
How do most infections of the urinary tract enter the body?
urethra
Does the intracellular fluid compartment include the fluids found in the interstitial spaces?
No
Is the sodium-potassium pump only found in blood cells?
No
What is the major buffer system in the body?
Protein buffer system
How does the protein buffer system work
Has lots of amino acids that pick up or release H ions
How do you define edema?
fluid in interstitial space
how would you determine if a patient has pulmonary edema?
Pink frothy sputum, dyspnea, crackles.
many of the disorders of the GI tract are manifested by
anorexia, nausea, and vomitting
the largest endocrine organ in the body
GI tract
major hormones of the GI tract
Gastrin, histamine, secretin, somatostatin, CCK, pepsin, GRH, motilin
the major hormones of the GI tract and from the
salivary, pancreatic and biliary tracts
Three causes of jaundice include extrahepatic obstruction to bile such as _____ , intrahepatic obstruction such as ____ or _____, or excessive production of _____
gallstones; cirrhosis or hepatitis; bilirubin
drug abuse and malignancy are a cause of
jaundice
does the liver produce minerals and vitamins?
No it stores them
The liver produces ____, it eliminates ____, it metabolizes drugs, steroids carbohydrates, fats and proteins, it synthesizes _____, and it synthesizes some plasma proteins.
bile salts; bilirubin; clotting factors
What is the number one cause of failure to adequately control chronic pain?
undertreatment
Diverticular disease is a condition in which the mucosal layer herniates through the _____
muscularis layer
diverticular disease occurs in the
colon
anemia is the deficiency of
RBCs
Primary polycythemia exists when there is an ____ in circulating RBCs, WBCs and Platelets
increase
What is the end result of anemia?
hypoxia
What is the most significant consequence of hyperkalemia?
Depressed cardiac conductivity or cardiac arrest
If you infuse a hypotonic solution into a patient the fluid movement will be from…
vascular to interstitial
one notable characteristic of infectious mononucleosis
Downey cells
The ______ control renal blood flow and GFR.
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
As systemic BP increases, the afferent arterioles ____, preventing an increase in filtration pressure
constrict
Prevents wide fluctuations in systemic arterial pressure from being transmitted to the glomerular capillaries.
renal autoregulation
Should we normally see protein in the urine?
No
Glomerular hyperfilatration and increased glomerular capillary permeability lead to
proteinuria
Proteinuria contributes to _______ by accumulating in the interstitial space and activating complement proteins and other mediators and cells, such as macrophages, that promote inflammation and progressive fibrosis
tubulointersitial injury
Which is the most abundant protein in blood plasma?
albumin
Would a differential count of white blood cells include a reticulocyte count?
No
What are reticulocytes?
immature RBCs
How would you recognize reticulocytes in a blood smear?
they have a nucleus
When you would see retics
chronic, slow GI bleed
What does hematocrit measure?
% of RBCs
The most efficient phagocytes
neutrophils and monocytes
What is the principal disorder in pernicious anemia?
intrinsic factor deficiency
What are some characteristics of Hodgkin Lymphoma?
localized nodal involvement
causes of thrombocytopenia
Viral infections, drugs, chronic renal failure, aplastic anemia, radiation therapy, HIT
Does bilateral renal agenesis usually cause death?
Yes, there’s no kidneys
Respiratory alkalosis can be caused by
severe anxiety
mitochondria produces
ATP
The immune cells
T and B lymphocytes
What is the most common cause of an upper urinary tract obstruction?
renal colic
The nephrotic syndrome is not a specific disease, but a constellation of clinical findings that result from
increased glomerular permeability to the plasma proteins
What two compartments compose the extra-cellular fluid?
vascular and interstitial
the most abundant anion in the body
sodium, a cation
two things can cause an endocrine hormonal problem
overproduction and underproduction
The metabolic activities of the body require the precise regulation of the acid-base balance which is reflected in the
ph 7.35-7.45
What are some complications of peptic ulcer disease?
GI bleed, H pylori, perforation, anemia, nutritional problems
Gall bladder disease is a result of cholelithiasis and is usually treated with
cholecystectomy
hemolytic anemia can result in
jaundice
the sequence from the fastest-acting blood pH compensation to slowest-acting
blood, lungs, kidney
clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma
bone pain, M protein, fractures, and renal damage.
what anamatomical structure maintains a relatively high blood pressure in the glomerulus of the kidney?
the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole
one function of the kidney is the elimination of
hydrogen ions
Hydrogen is secreted by the distal tubule and combines with nonbicarb buffers (ammonium and phosphate) for the elimination of ____ in the urine.
excess acids
can be responsible for acute tubular necrosis
nephrotoxins such as atbx
Which renal condition usually involves a history of recent infection with a group A beta-hemolytic strep?
nephrosis
tissue hypoxia causes the rate and depth of breathing to
increase
If a reticulocyte count was done on an individual with iron deficiency anemia because of chronic bleeding, would it be high or low?
high
What do the manifestations of leukemia include?
night sweats, petechial hemorrhage
Lymphocytes are described as
mononuclear immunocytes.
the primary lymphoid organ for B cells is
bone marrow
the primary lymphoid organ for T cells is
thymus
polycystic kidney disease is a
autosomal dominant disorder
IgG autoantibody and drug hypersensitivity can cause
thrombocytopenia
in hemolytic anemia, ____ destruction exceeds the liver’s ability to conjugate and excrete _____
heme; bilirubin
Persons who have GERD have ___ resting tone of the ____ esophageal sphincter; the symptoms include heartburn & chronic ____.
decreased; lower; cough
The most common type of hiatal hernia is ___; this type ____ associated with GERD.
sliding, is
Acute obstruction high in the small intestine causes____ first, acute obstruction low in small intestine causes ____ first.
vomiting, constipation
With acute mesenteric ischemia, the damaged intestinal mucosa cannot produce enough mucus to protect itself from ____; bacteria invade the ____ intestinal wall, eventually causing ____.
digestive enzymes, necrotic, peritonitis
Neurons in the _____ nucleus play a major role in regulating appetite, food intake, & energy metabolism; hormones that circulate in the blood serve as _____ signals to this area when their concentrations increase or decrease in relation to _____.
arcuate, peripheral, body fat mass
_____ obesity is associated with a greater risk for metabolic syndrome, T2DM, & CV complications; resistance to _____& decreased production of _____ contribute to the insulin resistance in obesity.
Visceral, leptin, adiponectin
Cirrhosis & hepatitis can cause _____ portal hypertension; severe right-sided heart failure can cause ______ portal HTN.
intrahepatic; post-hepatic
The most accepted theory of ascites formation involves the combination of portal _____ & splanchic _____.
HTN; vasodilation
Ascites can be complicated by _____ peritonitis?
Bacterial
The _____ color of jaundice usually appears first in the ______.
yellow, sclera of the eye
Major cause of esophageal varices of cirrhosis: portal HTN or hepatocyte dysfunction?
portal htn
Major cause of jaundice in cirrhosis: portal HTN or hepatocyte dysfunction?
hepatocyte dysfunction
Major cause of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: portal HTN or hepatocyte dysfunction?
hepatocyte dysfunction
Major cause of hemorrhoids in cirrhosis: portal HTN or hepatocyte dysfunction?
portal htn
Major cause of splenomegaly in cirrhosis: portal HTN or hepatocyte dysfunction?
portal htn
Major cause of caput medusae in cirrhosis: portal HTN or hepatocyte dysfunction?
portal htn
Major cause of hypoalbuminemia in cirrhosis: portal HTN or hepatocyte dysfunction?
hepatocyte dysfunction
