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History And Systems > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

Positivism

A

Science should only be concerned with objective, publicly observable events

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1
Q

Agreement among neo-behaviorist a

A
  • evolutionary assumption of continuity between species
  • learning research most important
  • mythological behaviorists
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2
Q

Logical positivism

A

Uninsurable mental events can be used as explanatory agents, as long as they are explanatory, operationally defined, and logically tied to observable events

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3
Q

Operational definition

A

Defines an abstract concept in terms of the procedures used to measure it

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4
Q

Radical behaviorism

A

Unobserved internal events cannot be used to explain behavior

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5
Q

Methodological behaviorism

A

It’s okay to posture internal events as explanatory agents as long as they can be validated in overt behavior

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6
Q

Purpose behaviorism: who and what

A

Edward Chace Tolman; emphasizes goal-directed behavior that ceases when the goal is reached

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7
Q

Tolman believed:

A

Behavior is purposeful; not a passive and automatic conditioned reflex

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8
Q

Intervening variables

A

Used to represent internal unobservable events

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9
Q

Cognitive maps

A

Mental representations of environment, acquired through experience

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10
Q

Vicarious trial and error (VTE)

A

Their inability to make a decision becomes less and they repeat the maZe

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11
Q

Place learning

A

Rats learn to go to a specific place rather than simply repeat a sequence of motor responses

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12
Q

Latent learning

A

Tolman beloved that reinforcement is not necessary for learning

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13
Q

Learning v. Performance

A

Learning can occur in the absence of reinforcement, but performance is affected by reinforcement

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14
Q

Clark hull

A

Disagreed with Tolman’s use of mentalistic concepts; used the hypothetico-deductive model- general postulates from existing learning research

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15
Q

SER

A

reaction potential (likelihood of learned response occurring in a given situation)

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16
Q

SHR

A

Given number of reinforcements

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17
Q

D

A

Current strength of dominant primary drive

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18
Q

Drive

A

Non-specific arousal arising from physiological need

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19
Q

Hull’s learning theory

A

Epitome of logical positivism; scientifically impeccable, but too complex; not readily applicable to real world

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20
Q

Frederic skinner

A

Behavior or organisms; wanted to observe and describe behavior unfettered by cognition or physiology

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21
Q

Behavior-skinner

A

The movement of an organism or its parts in a frame of reference provided by the organism itself or by various external objects or fields of force

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22
Q

Explanatory fiction

A

Using a hypothetical internal factor mediating between a stimulus and response and then using that factor to explain behavior

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23
Q

Hypothetico-deductive model

A

Generated postulates from existing learning research

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24
Q

Skinner’s research paradigm:

A

Lab based; single subject; control conditions; look for easier ways to do things

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25
Q

Shaping

A

Procedure where successive approximations to a desired response are reinforced until the response is achieved

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26
Q

Project pigeon

A

First attempt to apply Skinner’s system to a real world problem; america’s answer to kamikazes

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27
Q

Baby-in-a-box

A

Developed by skinner; sound proof; curtain; got a lot of negative response

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28
Q

Walden II

A

Novel written by skinner; utopian society based on operant conditioning

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29
Q

Teaching machines

A

Mechanical teacher; focused on reinforcement; no one would manufacture these things

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30
Q

Applied behavioral analysis

A

Application of operant conditioning to modify overt behavior

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31
Q

Three major principles of gestalt theory

A

1,2,3

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32
Q

Wolfgang Koehler

A

Intelligent behavior instead of mechanized behavior; gestalt concept of insight

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33
Q

Mechanized behavior

A

Once intelligent or occurred by chances, but has come automatic by reputation

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34
Q

Intelligent behavior

A

Behavior appropriate to a new situation and relatively independent of past experience

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35
Q

Law of pragnanz

A

Minimum principle of the law of simplicity; ultimate meaning of experience and tendency to organize cognitive experience in a good and meaningful way

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36
Q

Figure ground

A

Figure is the part of the perceptual field that is attended to and the ground is the remainder

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37
Q

Principle of continuity

A

Refers to the perceptual tendency to follow elements of a figure that appear to be going in some direction

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38
Q

Principle of proximity

A

Perceptual tendency to perceive elements close to one another in space or time as a perceptual unit

39
Q

Principle of similarity

A

Refers to the tendency to group together elements that are physically similar

40
Q

Principle of closure

A

Refers to tendency to make an incomplete perception into a whole object

41
Q

Principle of inclusiveness

A

Refers to the tendency to perceive only the larger figure when a smaller figure is embedded in it

42
Q

Psychophysical isomorphism

A

Direct relationship between brain activity and mental experience; underlying brain processes mirror actual experience but are not the same

43
Q

Behavior environment

A

What you perceive to be there

44
Q

Geographical environment

A

What is actually there

45
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

Field theory

46
Q

Field theory

A

Explain behavior in terms of interaction of a person’s needs and psychological forces;

47
Q

Life space

A

Influences acting on a person at a given time; internal, external

48
Q

Foreign hull

A

Anything not a part of life space at a given time

49
Q

Conflict

A

Occurs when there is a tension within one’s life space which leads to disequilibrium

50
Q

Frustration-regression study

A

When kids were exposed to better, they become frustrated and acted out when it was taken away. All regressed

51
Q

Group dynamics

A

Lewin’s focus late in life; groups are physical systems and the behavior of the individuals in the group is determined by the field of energy

52
Q

Action research

A

What Lewin called his research on group dynamics; designed to promote social change

53
Q

Bedlam

A

Asylum in London where tourists were allowed to see lunatics

54
Q

Mesmerism

A

Gravitational attraction of the planets affect people’s well being by exerting influence on an invisible magnetic fluid; trained practitioners could manipulate magnetism

55
Q

Hysteria

A

Believed to be due to a defective female reproductive system

56
Q

Hypnotism

A

Modern term for mesmerism; coined by Scottish surgeon James Braid

57
Q

Nancy school

A

Founded by Auguste liebeault; all people are suggestible, but some more than others

58
Q

Charcot school

A

Believed patients were suffering from a hereditary neurological condition;

59
Q

Pierre Janet

A

Psychological analysis for the treatment of hysterics; treatment consisted of discovering dissociated memories by hypnosis

60
Q

Free association

A

Freud; asked to concentrate on a particular symptom and its origin

61
Q

Transference

A

Redirections of feelings from one person to another

62
Q

Countertransference

A

Redirection of a therapists feelings toward a client

63
Q

Repression

A

Subduing desires in subconscious

64
Q

Resistance

A

Patients directly or indirectly oppose changing their behavior or refuse to discuss

65
Q

Unconscious motivation

A

Refers to hidden and unknown desires that are the real reasons people do things

66
Q

Seduction hypothesis

A

Most repressed memories were of imagined sexual experiences that were perceived as real in the unconscious

67
Q

Dream analysis

A

All dreams constitute fulfillment of some desire

68
Q

Manifest content

A

Content of a dream that is remember upon awakening

69
Q

Latent content

A

Some dreams have true meanings that is disguised beneath the manifest content and must be discovered

70
Q

Dream work

A

Disguises the wish into an acceptable form that does not disrupt sleep

71
Q

Myth of the solitary hero

A

Freud’s theory and methods were original and that he endured a solitary fight in a hostile environment

72
Q

ego and the mechanisms of defense

A

Defined and elaborated defense mechanisms

73
Q

Sublimination

A

Diverting the sexual goals of the ego to higher purposes valued by society

74
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Broke away from Freud because he did not believe that the primary cause of mental illness is sexual conflict

75
Q

Individual psychology

A

Based on premise that due to individual differences humans are unique, whole entities, interconnected biologically, philosophically, and psychologically

76
Q

Social interest

A

What needs to be developed during childhood

77
Q

Style of life

A

Unique but consistent psychological orientation toward goals and ideals; originally developed in childhood

78
Q

Inferiority complex

A

Results from exaggerated feelings of inferiority partly explained by insufficient social interest

79
Q

Mistaken lifestyle

A

Characterized by feelings on inferiority, self centeredness, concern for safety and superiority over other people

80
Q

Teleological

A

Overriding purpose assigned to all aspects of human functioning

81
Q

Self actualization

A

Overriding purpose of existence is to discover and understand the components of our personality and balance them into a unified whole

82
Q

Personal unconscious

A

Things that were once conscious but are now forgotten or repressed

83
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Deepest level of the psyche, a repository of common ancestral experiences

84
Q

Archetypes

A

Comprise the contents of the collective unconscious

85
Q

Synchronity

A

Believed that archetypes manifest through dreams, fantasies, hunches, or random thoughts

86
Q

Every child has two basic needs:

A

Biological needs for nourishment and shelter; freedom from danger, fear, and pain

87
Q

Neurotic needs

A

Excessive, insatiable, and unrealistic demands that dominate the person’s behavior

88
Q

Apollonian

A

Rational and civilized; desires order, tranquility, and predictability

89
Q

Dionysian

A

Irrational barbarous part; seeks chaos, adventure, and passion

90
Q

Kierkegaard

A

Father of existentialism

91
Q

Aesthetic stage

A

Hedonism and amorality; leads to boredom and despair

92
Q

Ethical stage

A

Decisions based in ethic imposed by religion/society

93
Q

Religious stage

A

Recognition of freedom to choose relationship with God, requires a leap of faith

94
Q

Deficiency motivated

A

People are seeking specific things to alleviate deficiencies in their lives

95
Q

Being motivation

A

Search for higher values

History And Systems (1 decks)

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