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Psych 2000 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Differnt participants of various ages studied at onepoint in time

A

Cross-sectional

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2
Q

Same participants studied at mutiple time points

A

Longitudinal

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3
Q

Combination of both of the above designs. Start cross-sectional with at least two groups and have longitudinal follow-up

A

Cross-sequential

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4
Q

Extra chromosome 21

A

Downs syndrome

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5
Q

23rd pair of chromosomes is XXY

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

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6
Q

23rd pair of chromosomes is missing an X

A

Turner’s syndrome

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7
Q

Stage of prenatal development that occurs for the first two weeks after fertilization

A

Germinal Stage

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8
Q

Stage of prenatal development that occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, major system, organs, and structures of the body develop

Critical period occurs here

A

Embryonic Stage

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9
Q

Stage of prenatal development that occurs at about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby

A

Fetal Stage

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10
Q

Stage of language development that occurs at about 2 months where the infant starts to make vowel-like sounds

A

Cooing Stage

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11
Q

Stage of language development that occurs at around 4 to 6 months where the infant adds consonant sounds to the vowel-like sounds

A

Babbling Stage

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12
Q

Simple words that infants use that mean whole phrases

“doggy” = “look at the dog”

A

Holophrase

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13
Q

Speech in which the child only uses nouns and verbs in simple phrases

“go car” = “I want to go in the car”

A

Telegraphic Speech

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14
Q

Tendency to focus on only one feature of some object rather than taking all of the features into consideration

A

Centration

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15
Q

The ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature

A

Conservation

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16
Q

The process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of a help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

A

Scaffolding

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17
Q

The difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with help of a teacher

A

Zone of Proximal Development

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18
Q

Adolescent belief that they are especially unique and protected from harm

A

Personal Fable

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19
Q

Adolescent belief that they are convinced that everyone is paying attention to them

A

Imaginary Audience

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20
Q

Gradual changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system

A

Andropause

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21
Q

Idea that cells only have so many times that they can divide

A

Cellular Clock Theory

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22
Q

As time goes by, repeated use and abuse of the body’s tissues cause it to be unable to repair all of the damage

A

Wear-and-tear-theory

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23
Q

Molecules with an unpaired electron, created as a by-product of various biological processes, damages cell structures

A

Free Radical Theory

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24
Q

The effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors

A

Distress

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25
Q

The effect of positive events, OR the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being

A

Eustress

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26
Q

Scale that measures the amount of stress resulting from major life events in a person’s life over a one-year period

Measures both positive and negative events

A

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SSRS)

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27
Q

The psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person’s behavior that come from an outside source

A

Pressure

28
Q

Physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral response to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging

A

Stress

29
Q

Events that cause a stress reaction

A

Stressor

30
Q

An unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat

A

Catastrophe

31
Q

The psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need

A

Frustration

32
Q

The degree of control that the person has over a particular event or situation

The less control a person has, the greater the degree of stress

A

Uncontrollability

33
Q

Psychological experience of being pulled toward or drawn to two or more desires or goals, only one of which may be attained

A

Conflict

34
Q

Conflict in which a person must choose between two desirable goals

A

Approach-approach Conflict

35
Q

Conflict in which a person must choose between two undesirable goals

A

Avoidance-avoidance Conflict

36
Q

Conflict in which a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

A

Approach-avoidance Conflict

37
Q

Conflict in which a person must decide between two goals, each possessing both positive and negative aspects

A

Double Approach-avoidance Conflict

38
Q

Conflict in which there is more than two goals, each possessing both positive and negative aspects

A

Multiple Approach-avoidance Conflict

39
Q

The part of the automatic nervous system that responds to stressful events

“Arouses”

Fight-or-flight

A

Sympathetic

40
Q

The part of the automatic nervous system that restores the body to normal functioning after stress has ceased

“Calms”

Rest-and-digest

A

Parasympathetic

41
Q

Part of the cognitive appraisal approach that involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge

A

Primary Appraisal

42
Q

Part of the cognitive appraisal approach that involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor

A

Secondary Appraisal

43
Q

Type of personality:

Ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, tends to have high levels of hostility and anger, easily annoyed

A

Type A

44
Q

Type of personality:

Relaxed and laid-back, less driven and competitive than type A, slow to anger

A

Type B

45
Q

Type of personality:

Pleasant but repressed personality, tends to internalize anger and anxiety, finds expressing emotions difficult, may negatively affect immune functioning

Correlated with a higher risk of cancer

A

Type C

46
Q

Type of personality:

Seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hostility of type A, deep sense of commitment to values, sense of control over their lives, view problems as challenges to be met and answered

A

Hardy Personality

47
Q

Changing one’s own behavior to more closely match the actions of others

A

Conformity

48
Q

Occurs when people change their behavior as a result of another person or group asking or directing them to change

A

Compliance

49
Q

Asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment

A

Foot-in-the-door Technique

50
Q

Asking for a big commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment

A

Door-in-the-face Technique

51
Q

Getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of the commitment

A

Lowball Technique

52
Q

Occurs when one changes his/her behavior at the command of an authority

A

Obedience

53
Q

Occurs when members of a cohesive group emphasizes concurrence at the expense of critical thinking

A

Group Think

54
Q

Occurs when group discussion strengthens a group’s dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction

A

Group Polarization

55
Q

Tendency for the presence of other people to have a positive impact on the performance of an easy task

A

Social Facilitation

56
Q

Tendency for the presence of other people to have a negative impact on the performance of a difficult task

A

Social Impairment

57
Q

The reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups compared to when they work by themselves

A

Social Loafing

58
Q

The lessening of one’s sense of personal identity and personal responsibility

A

Deindividuation

59
Q

Attitudes are made up of three components…

A

Affective - emotional feelings
“I’m scared of spiders”

Behavior - action taken
“I’m going to avoid spiders”

Cognitive - beliefs held
“I believe spiders are dangerous”

60
Q

Sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to that person’s attitudes

A

Cognitive Dissonance

61
Q

Negative thoughts and feelings about people based on the social group in which they belong

“pre-judge”

A

Prejudice

62
Q

Treating other people differently based on the social group in which they belong, despite the situation calling for equal treatment

A

Discrimination

63
Q

Theory that views prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences

A

Social Cognitive Theory

64
Q

Theory that says conflict between groups increases prejudice and discrimination

A

Realistic Conflict Theory

65
Q

The form of prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself

A

Altruism

66
Q

The effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help, with help becoming less likely as the number of people increases

A

Bystander Effect

67
Q

The phenomenon in which a person fails to take responsibility for either action or inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility

A

Diffusion of Responsibility

Psych 2000 (1 decks)

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