Test 3

Question 1

The Monk, 9 Dot, and D-Ray/Military Problem are all examples of what type of problem?

Answer 1

Problem Representation/well-structured problem

Question 2

Why was the military problem easier to solve than the surgery ray problem?

Answer 2

• Ray=harder to solve
• Similar problems (blatantly could tell that both had the same answer)
• Helps to solve problem more readily

Question 3

What are isomorphic problems and give an example of isomorphic problem?

Answer 3

• same problem represented in two ways
  ex. Monks leave and meet at the same time
  ex. D-ray: use a combo of both coming from different directions; Military: divides military group into small groups. Small groups meet up at the fortress to avoid getting bombed

By increasing surface similarity more likely to get the problem right

-consequences: rely too much on surface similarity, and not much on deeper similarity

Question 4

What is functional fixedness?

Answer 4

We see an object as having one fixed, familiar function

“stuck in a set”: stuck in one way of thinking

Question 5

Example of functional fixedness?

Answer 5

Dunker’s Candle: we saw the tack box as a box of tacks instead of thinking outside of the box

Question 6

Another example of functional fixedness?

Answer 6

Water Jar Problem: look at slide

Question 7

What is insightful problem solving?

Answer 7

situation with reinforcement but cannot do it because behavior is not available due to physical limitations (problem solving)

Question 8

What is an example of insightful problem solving?

Answer 8

Dunker’s candle problem, Nine Dots Prolem

Banana:

• showed how previous experience played a role (how
• 1. push a small box toward a green box in the operant chamber
     
     2. climb on the box that is underneath a toy banana and peck it
     3. teach the bird not to jump or fly to the banana
     4. Control condition: teach everything except for number 1

Question 9

Working backwards

Answer 9

follow the correct path from my goal up to a few choices at the initial state

Question 10

Example of working backwards?

Answer 10

Water Lilly problem: the amount of water surface covered doubles every 24 hours. One the first day, there was one and on the 90th day, they would be all covered . Answer: 89th day

Question 11

Warden: money model, social observational learning

Answer 11

lift the chain to uncover a hidden raisin
model: aware of the problem
observer; was restrained and 30 sec. after being unrestrained, was able to solve the problem

Question 12

4 Cats, 1 model:

Answer 12

problem: spin the wheel to get some food
At first: 30 trials, then 15.

All were able to get the problem solved

More observing of behavior, better the performance

Question 13

Hooper ‘08: Grape-in-a-box

Answer 13

Chimps had:

A. watched door slid and get food
b: watch grape placed in box

Results?
A: All were able to slide the door about in the same direction
B: Less than half slid the door

Question 14

3-5 YEAR old kids, same as grape-in-a-box

Answer 14

reward was a sticker
problem was easier for the kids to solve
observed15 trials

Question 15

Toy on the mat

Answer 15

Problem: get toy on the mat
Solution: push may away from you

observers were able to solve more quickly than the control group

Question 16

Levy ‘74: Preschoolers

Answer 16

Observers preferred pictures that were reinforced during observations and rejected pictures that were punished

Question 17

Social observational learning

Answer 17

learning an individual (usually of the same species) and the consequences of their behavior

Question 18

Asocial observational learning

Answer 18

learning without a model

-NO VICARIOUS REINFORCEMENT OR PUNISHMENT IS INVOLVED

Question 19

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 19

model’s behavior is strengthening the likelihood of the observer performing similar behavior

Question 20

Vicarious punishment

Answer 20

model’s behavior is weakening the likelihood of the observer performing similar behavior

Question 21

Asocial: grape-in-a-box

Answer 21

Ghost condition, fishing line was moving the door.

Results: 8/8 solved the problem correctly

Question 22

Imitation

Answer 22

performed an observed, whether it is modeled or not

• usually behavior is vicariously reinforced
• extran. variable. can be imitated even if they are irrelevant
• ex. 3-5 yr. olds follow adult instruction to get toy out of jar.

Question 23

Overimitation

Answer 23

1. evolved before observational learning
2. beneficial
3. we learn how to overimitate (the more we do it, the more we will be able to do it later on)

Question 24

Model’s characteristics

Answer 24

Prestigious, competent, attractive, likeable, celebrity, a fictional character

Why? we learn more with things that attract our eye

Question 25

Observer characteristics

Answer 25

1. species: humans benefit more from observation
2. Observer’s learning history
3. age: adults learn less than kids
4. gender: ex. female chimps learn how to termite fishing faster than male chimps because they observed it earlier

Question 26

Bandura’s social cognitive theory

Answer 26

1. attention; more attention we give influences obs. learning
2. retention: represent model’s behavior and store it in memory
3. motor-reproductive processes: use model to guide our actions
4. Motivational processes: evalu. conseq. of imitation

Question 27

Operant Learning Model

Answer 27

models serves as a cue that a similar behavior will earn a similar consequence

Question 28

Prosocial Effects of Observational Learning

Answer 28

• empowerment
• peace
• equality

Question 29

Antisocial Effects of Observational learning

Answer 29

• violence

- aggression

Question 30

Algorithms

Answer 30

series of complex steps given to solve a problem

• slow and labor-intensive
• assured to get the right ans.

Question 31

Heuristics

Answer 31

a short cut
not guaranteed the right answer
quick and fast