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Biological Psychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

Genes

A

Groups of nucleotide pairs

behavior or physical trait

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1
Q

Purpose of Sexual Reproduction

A

Genetic Variability

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2
Q

Nucleotide Pair

A

connected by sugar

double helix compound

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

coumpound of all the genes

23 pairs

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4
Q

Nucleus Cell

A

Contain genes chromosomes, and

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5
Q

Gametes

A

Sex Cells
Male 23
Female Ovum 23 chromosomes

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6
Q

Gonads during pregnancy

A

at 6 weeks no internal differences
Week 7 start to differentiate
Week 10 physical differences

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7
Q

Androgenital Syndrome

A

Girl exposed to testoterone at 6th week
ambiguous genitalia (enlarged clitoris and labia)
Genetic

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8
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A

reduced testoterone at 6th week (boy)
Ambiguous genitalia (look female)
testes can descend through “vaginal opening”
No known cause

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9
Q

Turner Sydrome

A

sperm lost x chromosome
infertile
webbing of neck
cognitively normal

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10
Q

XXX Syndrome

A

early puberty and menopause
irregular menstruation
cognitive impairments
father/mother have XXX chromosome

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11
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

Boy with XXY chromosomes
liklihood of infertility
breast development
low muscle definition

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12
Q

XXY Chromosome

A

some cognitive impairment but not major

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13
Q

What triggers sexual development

A 
Hypothalmus changes structure (testoterone/estrogen)
Pituitary Gland (releases growth hormone, androgens, at certain age)
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14
Q

What do sex hormones do?

A

Change how brain is developed

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15
Q

What hemisphere dominates in Males?

A 
Right brain (hollistic processing)
artistic, spacial functions, problem solving (abstract)
bigger brains
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16
Q

What hemisphere dominates in Females?

A

Left brained
Logic and language
analytical problem solving (detail-oriented)
more cross-talk between hemispheres

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17
Q

Causes of Homosexuality?

A

Boy exposed to estrogen after 6-7 weeks
Women exposed to Testoterone after same period
Nature and nurture
Multiple boys (mother’s body can fight the testoterone of the youngest)

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18
Q

What motivates sexual behavior?

A

Sensory experience routed through thalamus (sensory), then hypothalamus (motivational part of brain)

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19
Q

William James

A

first psych writers of memory

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20
Q

Primary Memory

A

short-term

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21
Q

Secondary Memory

A

Long-term

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22
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Thorndike’s cats

Father of Operant conditioning (learning with consequences)

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23
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin Stage Model

A

shows that sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory and how they work together

24
Q

Sensory Memory

A

high capacity and short duration

about the amount of time it takes to recognize a pattern

25
Q

Working memory (short-term)

A

short capacity and short amount of time

have to rehearse to encode into long-term

26
Q

Long-term memory

A

high capacity and long lasting

27
Q

Working Memory Model

A 
rehearsal is divided into two types (visio-spacial and phonologica)
central executive (cingulate cortex)
Visio-spacial scratch pad (right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex)
Phonological Loop (left lateral prefrontal cortex)
28
Q

Depth of Processing Model

A

what are we trying to remember and how
Reptition (shallow processing) is not the best for encoding
Linking to something you already know (deep processing) is the best

29
Q

Declarative Memory

A

things you can say
espisodic memory
semantic definitions

30
Q

Non-declarative Memory

A

things you can’t say
procedural memory (skill)
Priming (getting ready for the task)

31
Q

Karl Lashley

A

first to try to find engram (physical change in brain after learning)

32
Q

Theory of Equipotentiality

A

Lashley

learning occurs all over cortex

33
Q

Eric Kandel

A

Looked at Aplysia (sea slug)
focused on non-associative learning (startle reflex)
focused on habituation dishibituation and sesitization to show changes in nervous system

34
Q

Donal Hebb

A

Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

35
Q

LTP

A 
long term potentiation
synapse strengthened through learning
memory stored in networks of neurons
glutomate released by presynaptic neuron
calcium ions flow into postsynaptic with glutomate
creats protein kinases compound
Nitric oxide is by product and seep back through to presynaptic neuron
starts the whole cyle over again
36
Q

Bliss and Lomo

A

firing of the hippocampus changes as a result of learning

fire as precurssor to oncoming stimulus

37
Q

PET (Postiron Emmision Tomograpy)

A

radioactive tracer
where is the brain consuming sugar
high spatial and low temporal resolution

38
Q

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A

same as PET except with water

even slower than PET

39
Q

How are memories retrieved?

A

Frontal Cortex reaches into hippocampus (finding the file)
then pieced together through other parts of the brain (occipito/temporal cortex) for different senses
This is the Multiple Memory Trace theory

40
Q

Place Cells

A

active when in a place you’ve learned (hippocampus)

41
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

bump and swelling can’t remember right before accident

42
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Living in the present (can’t encode memory)

43
Q

Transient Global

A

genetic (doesn’t know who they are)

retrieving episodic memories

44
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

cant remember early childhood

45
Q

Functional Amnesia

A

Memory loss for traumatic events

So stressed stop encoding

46
Q

H.M.

A

Brain lesion patient
cut out hippocampus
no episodic memory
still had skill memory

47
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

thymine deficiency and alcoholosm
not enough vitamin B
Diencenphalic amnesia ( thalamus and hypothalamus damage)
Confabulation (make up stories for things that can’t remember)

48
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

very slow speech

49
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

inability to comprehend speech

50
Q

Alexia

A

inability to read

can’t reach lexons

51
Q

Agraphia

A

can’t write words

can’t access graphines

52
Q

Global Aphasia

A

damage to parasylvian region (connection of brocas and wernickes areas)
comprehension and production issues

53
Q

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

A

similar to receptive aphasia but still have word reptition (echolalia)

54
Q

Dyslexia

A

difficulty attaching phonemes and graphemes
genetic
dysfunction of planum temprale in Wernicke’s area

55
Q

Commissurotomy

A

surgery to cut corpus collosum (only used to alleviate extreme cases of seizures)

56
Q

Roger Sperry

A

hemispheres of brain are independent of one another (two seperate brains)

57
Q

Mike Gazzaniga

A

Hemispheres are complementary systems

Biological Psychology (1 decks)

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