test 3 Flashcards
Roles of Vitamins in Metabolism
Functions as enzymes, necessary for obtaining energy from macronutrients, do not directly provide energy
Enrichment
Fortification of a select group of foods with FDA-specified level (Thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folate, iron)
Major Minerals
Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, Chloride, Potassium
Trace Minerals
Iron, Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Iodine, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdemnum
Nutrients involved in metabolism
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenis acid, biotin, B6, folate, B12, iodine, chromium
Thiamin
B1 Beri-beri (muscle wasting and nerve damage, heart failure) co-enzyme required for carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism. Rice
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Type of beri beri associated with alcohol abuse with severe deficiency
-Apathy, irritability, mental confusion, disorientation, loss of memory
Riboflavin
Part of coenzymes involved in chemical reactions that help form ATP from carbs, fats, proteins
Sources: Milk
Deficiency: Riboflavin
Ariboflavinosis (weakness, mouth sores/swollen)
Seen in children who lack milk, some elders
Niacin
B3, coenzyme in many cellular metabolic pathways, lowers LDL and increases HDL
Precursor: tryptophan
Toxicity: can cause niacin flush
Deficiency: Niacin
Pellegra- dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, can lead to death
Occurs in cultures with corn
Risk: alcoholic, poverty/malnutrition
Sources: tryptophan in most proteins which can be converted to niacin
Pantothenic Acid
Release of energy from fat, carbohydrate, protein. Plays 100+ roles in metabolism, converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA, synthesizes things
in Everything!
Biotin
coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis amino acid metabolism, glycogen synthesis
Reduced by avidin (egg whites), alcohol
Deficiency in people that eat <raw egg whites
B6
Metabolism of amino acids and proteins, synthesis of neuro transmitters, synthesis of hemoglobin, synthesis of white blood cells
Deficiency: weakness, depression, confusion, insomnia, weakened immune system, increased risk of heart disease
Sources: protein rich (meat, fish, poultry), potatoes, leafy green veggies, legumes, peanut butter
Toxicity: possible, PMS (too much)
Folate (folic acid)
Involved in DNA synthesis, amino acid metabolism, red blood cell synthesis, CRITICAL for cell division for early embryos
B12 and folate work together to produce RBC’S
Toxicity: can work opposity to anticancer drugs
Sources: leafy green veggies, uncooked veggies and fruit, eggs
Deficiency: Folate
Immature RBC’s, WBC’s, and cells of GI tract divide rapidly are most vulnerable, related to anemia of B12 malabsorption
Neural tube birth defects
B12
Closely related to folate, depend on each other
Folate metabolism, part of coenzyme for blood formation, required for nerve functioning
Needs intrinsic factor
Older people vulnerable to chronic stomach infections and reduced ability to absorb B12
Sources: animal products, fortified foods
Deficiency: B12
Pernicious Anemia: deficiency results in failure of folate to make RBC’s, and anemia identical to that of folate (large, immature RBC’s)
Damaged Nerve Sheaths: creeping paralysis, general malfunctiong of nerves and muscles (fatigue, difficulty sleeping, numbness, memory loss, severe neurological disturbances)
Diagnosis is difficult
Risk: Vegan, breast fed infants of deficient moms, elderly
Iodine
Important to thyroid function, T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (trydothyronine) regulate growth, metabolic rate, reproduction and development
Iodized salt
Deficiency: Iodine
Goiter: thyroid enlarges to capture more iodine
Hypothyroidism: low thyroid hormone results in low body temperature, cold intolerance, weight gain/loss, fatigue
Cretinism: mental retardation from deficiency as embryo
Chromium
Enhances insulin action, assists in transporting glucose into cell
Deficiency: symptoms of diabetes, elevated blood glucose, decreased insulin sensitivity, weight loss
No toxicity
Vascular disease in relation to B6 B12 folate
Folate & B12 are required for breakdown of amino avid homocysteine
Low folate, B12, B6 may cause increased level of homocysteine
High homocysteine levels are associated with greater risk of vascular disease
Vitamin C
RE: Antioxidants
Protects LDL from oxidation, lungs from ozone and cigarette damage, WBC’s (immune system)
Reduces formation of nitrosamines, cancer causing agent gound in cured and processed meats
Deficiency: Scurvy, increased infection
Vitamin A
Vision, cell differentiation, building strong bones, maintaining healthy immune system
Retinoids: Retinol, Retinal (vision), Retinoic acid (cell diff.)
Carotenoids: Food from plants with Vita A activity, Beta Carotene (splits in intestine and liver to form Retinol)
Deficiency: impaired cell diff and maturation, dead cells collecting making tissues vulnerable to disease (hard lumps on skin), macular degeneration
Vitamin A RE: Immune
Body’s defense dependent on enough Vita A, maintains integrity of epithelial tissues (skin, lungs, vagina, bladder), serve as barriers to infection of damage, helps produces lymphocytes and antibodies
Beta Carotene
Weak antioxidants, effective against lipid oxidation in cell membranes, enhance immune system, protect skin from UV, protect eyes (fall color veggies)
Smokers who take beta carotene are at increased risk of cancer
Vitamin E
Protects lipids from free radicals, normal nerve and muscle development, enhances immune system, promotes Vitamin A absorption, preferentially oxidized thus protecting cells, important in lung (Vita E protects membrane that can be destructed)
Premature babies subject to deficiency
Found in raw oils, fortified cereals, wheat germs
Vitamin K
Blood coagulation, bone metabolism
Catalyzes reactions necessary to make for proteins for bone & tooth development, binds calcium
Liver, leafy green veggies, milk
Deficiency: infants, prolonged antibiotic use (excessive bleeding)
Iron
Trace mineral that helps accept carry and release oxygen in cells, releases oxygen to cells when needed for ATP production & muscle contraction
Heme: animal flesh, most absorbable form, no chem modification needed
Nonheme: plant and animal, not well absorbed, chem modification needed, ionic state impacts aborption
Zinc
In all cells (highest in muscle and bone)
Supports work of proteins in body, stabilizes cell membranes and protects from free radical attack, immune function, growth and development, synthesis storage release of insulin, platelets in blood clotting, affects thyroid function, influences behavior and learning
Red meats, shell fish, whole grains
Calcium
Most abundant in body
Balance: Involves Vita D, parathyroid, and thyroid
Bone provides bank of calcium for the blood, blood takes and returns calcium as needed, bone calcium compromised if not enough
Vitamin D
Required for calcium and phosphorus absorption from the small intestine, regulates blood calcium levels, works with PTH to stimulate osteoclasts, necessary for bone calcification
Body can make with help of sun
TOXICITY: affects NS, calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys), promotes bone loss, death
Fluoride
Part of bone and teeth matrix, stimulates maturation of osteoblasts
Osteoporosis
low bone mass, deteroriation of bone tissue, compaction of bone, hunching
Age is a risk factor, women more at risk
Vitamin A RE: Immune
Body’s defense dependent on enough Vita A, maintains integrity of epithelial tissues (skin, lungs, vagina, bladder), serve as barriers to infection of damage, helps produces lymphocytes and antibodies
Beta Carotene
Weak antioxidants, effective against lipid oxidation in cell membranes, enhance immune system, protect skin from UV, protect eyes (fall color veggies)
Smokers who take beta carotene are at increased risk of cancer
Iron
Trace mineral that helps accept carry and release oxygen in cells, releases oxygen to cells when needed for ATP production & muscle contraction
Heme: animal flesh, most absorbable form, no chem modification needed
Nonheme: plant and animal, not well absorbed, chem modification needed, ionic state impacts aborption
Zinc
In all cells (highest in muscle and bone)
Supports work of proteins in body, stabilizes cell membranes and protects from free radical attack, immune function, growth and development, synthesis storage release of insulin, platelets in blood clotting, affects thyroid function, influences behavior and learning
Red meats, shell fish, whole grains
Calcium
Most abundant in body
Balance: Involves Vita D, parathyroid, and thyroid
Bone provides bank of calcium for the blood, blood takes and returns calcium as needed, bone calcium compromised if not enough
Vitamin D
Required for calcium and phosphorus absorption from the small intestine, regulates blood calcium levels, works with PTH to stimulate osteoclasts, necessary for bone calcification
Body can make with help of sun
TOXICITY: affects NS, calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys), promotes bone loss, death
Fluoride
Part of bone and teeth matrix, stimulates maturation of osteoblasts
Osteoporosis
low bone mass, deteroriation of bone tissue, compaction of bone, hunching
Age is a risk factor
Sodium
Commonly with Chloride, increases blood pressure (elderly, African Americans, people with hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease)
Potassium
Fluid and electrolyte balance, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, energy metabolism, high potassium intake helps maintain a lower blood pressure
Legumes, potatoes, seafood, fruits/veg
