Test 3 Flashcards
Ovolactovegetarian
avoids meat, fish, and poultry, but eats eggs and milk
Lactovegetarian
drinks milk, but avoids eggs
vegan
consumes only plant foods
Fruitarian
consumes fruit, nuts, honey & olive oil
Zen macrobiotic
primarily brown rice, other grains and herb teas
Children that follow a vegetarian diet are at risk for what?
Protein and vitamin deficiencies such as B12
Pregnancy Nutrition concerns
folic acid 600mcg daily
Prevents neural tube defects, anencephaly or maternal megaloblastic anemia
Energy requirements: Carbohydrates
4 kcal/g
Main source of energy (brain, skeletal muscles during exercise, erythrocyte and leukocyte production)
Energy requirements: Proteins
4 kcal/g
Necessary for nitrogen balance; tissue growth, restoration, and maintenance
Energy requirements: lipids
9 kcal/g
Deficiency less than 10% of daily nutrition
indispensable amino acids
must be provided in diet
dispensable amino acids
body synthesizes
amino acid
simplest form of protein: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
triglycerides
circulate in the blood & are composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
neutral nitrogen balance
intake and output of nitrogen are equal
negative nitrogen balance & implications
body loses more nitrogen than it gains
Burns, fever, starvation, head injury, and trauma
positive nitrogen balance & implications
intake of nitrogen is greater than the output
Required for growth, normal pregnancy, maintenance of lean muscle mass & organs, wound healing
Tube feeding serious complications
Serious risk of aspirations could lead to nectrotizing infection, pneumonia, and abscess formation
How do you determine the length of NG tube to be inserted?
Measure from tip of nose to ear lobe to the xyphoid process (sternum)
What to do if patient with Enteral tube starts to vomit?
1) Stop feedings immediately
2) withhold feedings and reassess patient to tolerance to feedings if gastric residual volume (GRV) is over 500 mL
3) Routinely evaluate the patient for aspiration
4) use nursing measures to reduce the risk of aspiration if GRV is between 250 & 500 mL
Fat emulsion appearance and nursing implications
- IV fat emulsion are opaque and white
- Do not administer if oil droplets are observed or an oily or creamy layer is noted on the surface. This can result in a fat emboli.
Central venous catheter placement nursing implications
superior vena cava - before anything is put into line, location needs to be confirmed by x-ray
Nursing implications of PN administration and interventions to reduce risk of sepsis
- Change tubing and solution every 24 hours
* change lipids every 12 hours
Effects of long term laxative/cathartic use
Increases risk of diarrhea and abnormal elimination
Fecal impaction nursing implications
- Enema
* Digital removal of stool
Functions of the large intestine
primary organ of bowel elimination
Colostomy irrigation
never use enema set to irrigate
Normal findings of stoma
bright pink or brick red
Abnormal findings of a stoma
blue, black, brown
Length of enema insertion tip for adult
7.5 - 10 cm (3-4 inches)
Length of enema insertion tip for adolescent
7.5 - 10 cm (3-4 inches)
Length of enema insertion tip for children
5 - 7.5 cm (2-3 inches)
Length of enema insertion tip for infant
2.5 - 3.75 cm (1-1.5 inches)
Isotonic exercises
cause muscle contraction and change in muscle length (walking, swimming, jogging)
Isometric exercises
involve tightening or tensing muscles without moving body parts
Crutch fitting
3 to 4 finger widths from the axilla to a point 15cm lateral to patient’s heel
Cane fitting
cane length is equal to the distance between greater trochanter and the floor
Exercise implications for diabetic type 1
exercise leads to better glucose control; lowers blood sugar for up to 24 hours, monitor blood sugar before and after exercise
Signs of hypoxia (early and late signs)
change in LOC
Change in respiratory rate, depth
Cyanosis
Hemoptysis characteristics
bloody sputum; alkaline pH
Systemic effects of right side cardiac failure
systemic circulation
Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary circulation
Systemic effects of left side cardiac failure
blood begins to “back up” in the pulmonary
*The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the systemic circulation
Chest tubes and suction - care of and nursing implications
- Sterile, closed system
- Only clamp when changing chest tube
- Tube should be secured to the chest wall
Pneumothorax signs and symptoms
- Collection of air in the pleural space
- Pain
- Dyspnea (SOB) worsens as size of pneumothorax increases
Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning
Used when patient can cough effectively but is not able to clear secretions
Orotracheal and nasotracheal suctioning
Used when patient is unable to manage secretions (sterile catheter/procedure)
Tracheal suctioning
used with an artificial airway (sterile catheter/procedure)
Endotracheal suctioning
short-term use to ventilate, relieve upper airway obstruction, protect against aspiration, clear secretions
Uremic syndrome
increase in nitrogenous wastes in the blood, marked fluid & electrolyte abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, headache, coma, & convulsions
Normal urinary output per hour
at least 30 mL/hour
Nocturia
voiding one or more times during the night
