Test 3 Flashcards
What is health promotion?
The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.
Moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions
What is disease prevention? How is it different from health promotion?
goal is to delay disability and death and maximize illness free years of life
What are the two components of health promotion? Describe them.
educational and ecological supports for actions and condition of living conducive to health
Educational: any combination of learning and experiences
Ecological: social, political, economic, organizational, policy, regulatory, and
other environmental circumstances
Describe US Public Health in the 1900’s
sanitary inspections, communicable disease control
Expanded to fill in gaps in medical system through child immunizations, care of mothers and infants, school screenings, family planning
Fed. Gov. grants supported substance abuse, mental health, community prevention
What are the roles of public health departments
assessment
policy development
assurance
What are the 2 components/types of prevention? Describe them
Primary - goal is to prevent first occurrence
Ex: vaccines
Secondary - Early detection of a disease and intervening to prevent the condition from
progressing
Ex: mammograms
What are the 5 parts of the health impact pyramid?
- Socioeconomic factors
- Changing the context to make individuals default decision healthy
- Long-lasting protective interventions
- Clinical interventions
- Counseling and Education
List determinants of health
● Income and social status
● Social support networks
● Education
● Employment/working conditions
● Social environments
● Physical environments
● Personal health practices and coping skills
● Healthy child development
● Biology and genetic endowment
● Health services
● Gender
● Culture
top 4 causes of death in 2022 (US)
- Heart disease
- Cancer
- Unintentional injury
- COVID-19
List health promotion interventions that need to occur
- excise taxes
- clean indoor air ordinance
- elimination of nicotine in tobacco
- warning labels on tobacco products
- counter-marketing
- ban. on tobacco advertising
- protect kids from advertising
- FDA regulations
Who is most likely to smoke cigarrettes?
People with a GED
What is Strong4Life?
Campaign for Obesity in Georgia
What does the medical model of chronic disease prevention assume?
individuals have a primary role in causing illnesses through poor health behaviors (diet, smoking, alcohol)
Prevention focuses on changing individual health behavior
What does the public health model of chronic disease prevention assume?
Assumes that society creates the conditions leading to disease
Ex: Easy access to alcohol
○ Large tobacco industry
○ Availability of high fat/salt foods
○ Dependence on automobile that decreases exercise
○ Unequal distribution of wealth
What are 3 illness prevention / health promotion strategies?
- Address the basic social determinants of illness
- Increase public health spending
- Provide primary and secondary prevention
What are the 4 parts of Guidelines for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
- take a long term view
- demonstrate how behavior change enhances health
- encourage societal common good
- make efforts affordable
Percent of HealthCare dollars spent on prevention ***
2.6%
What are the causes of homelessness? ***
Structural trends: housing and social policy
Personal / familial vulnerability
Household income
Social policy
Job opportunities/ unemployment
Housing availability and cost
How many homeless people in Boston in 2024? How many were unaccompanied youth? ***
Total # in 2024: 29,435
Unaccompanied youth: 1800
What is the McKinney Homeless Assistance Act? ***
Passed in 1987 to provide funding for homeless people
What are 4 health problems Occuring More Frequently due to homelessness? ***
Exposure-related
- Frostnip/bite
- Immersion foot
- Heat stroke
Arthropod infestations
Infections
- TB, respiratory infections, cellulitis, HIV, hepatitis, STIs
Violence and Injury
What are 4 Health Problems Exacerbated by Homelessness? ***
Cognitive impairment/TBI
Substance use disorders
Cardiometabolic syndromes
Dental caries
What are challenged homeless people face in getting healthcare? ***
- Insurance access
- Competing priorities
■ Housing, addiction, etc - Practical challenges
■ Med storage/admin
■ Transportation
Describe transitionally homeless. ***
Often homeless due to a single catastrophic event
Young population
Lowest level of mental health, substance abuse, or other medical problems
Enter shelters for short period of time
Describe episodically homeless. ***
Episodic uses of shelter system
Nonshelter time can be spent in jails or hospitals
Compromise 12% shelter users
Younger population
Complex life histories
Often with mental health, medical, and substance use problems
Describe chronically homeless ***
Middle aged to older
High prevalence mental illness, medical, substance use problems , medical illness, and disabilities
Use shelters long term
Long term unemployment
Socially marginalized and high cost
Define homelessness.
Homelessness occurs when people or households are unable to acquire and/or maintain housing they can afford
Where do 1/2 of all people experience homelessness (4 states)?
CA, NY, FL, and WA
How much more likely are homeless people to be admitted to the hospital?
5x more
What are the top 3 causes of death in homeless (BHCHP)?
- drug overdose
- cancer
- heart disease
Characteristics of those most likely to be uninsured in 2004 prior to Chapter 58 law ***
Male
Young
Low income
Minority
Employed
The five key components of the Chapter 58 law ***
- Medicaid expansions (MassHealth)
- Subsidies for private coverage (Connector Care)
- Online marketplace
- Individual mandate
- Employer Mandate
What was the Dukakis Universal Health Care Law (“Pay or Play”)?
Companies have to provide health insurance or they pay a fund (Fund pays for uninsured workers)
Includes student health insurance mandate
Never implemented!!
Did Chapter 58 improve health outcomes?
yes
What did Ch 58 inspire?
Title I of ACA
What is a single-payer plan?
single government fund within each state to pay hospitals, physicians, and other healthcare providers