Test 3 Flashcards

Question

Biological Fraternal birth order effect

Answer 1

Blanchard: birth order, related to older brothers men might have, each older brother a man might have increased the probability of being gay by at least 31% - no effect for sisters - with boys that are ladder born tend to weigh less Pregnant people are much more vulnerable to sickness

Answer 2

Other species: monk et al 2019 - published in nature: it looks at same sex behavior In other species: it has been identified in over 1500 other species - dolphins are very sexual creatures, chimpanzees (very common to have same sex sex, settle conflicts through sex) butterfly’s, zebra…their work questions an assumption that heterosexuality is the norm, homosexual behavior arose and became adaptive: everyone asks this question to psychologists, about how homosexual behavior came about - monk proposed indiscriminate sexual behaviors directed towards all sexes Roy and silo, chinstrap penguins: they “fell in love” they hatched someone else's egg and raised this baby, tango, together - Roy and silo broke up: tango ended up pairing with a female penguin (gay dads didn’t seem to affect his sexual orientation)

Answer 3

Exotic becomes erotic (BEM - ) sander bem studied gender and sex but NOT in this study How sexual orientation might come about - exotic becomes erotic: links together sexual orientation and gender development in kids - interaction between biology and the environment - boys and girls who play differently are more or less active, also feeds into child temperament - kids, by 7 or 8 are mostly playing with kids of their own gender - some kids don’t, development continues through mid childhood, and hormones from puberty start, and sexual maturation and sexual feelings and desire arise, and if your hanging around with a bunch of kids, they are kind of mundane. Whatever is not around you is erotic - for girls who play w girls, boys are erotic (same for boys) and for boys that play w girls, boys become erotic for them…this has been linked to sexual orientation

Answer 4

we all need to take care of each other especially those who are the most vulnerable

Answer 5

positive role models ( it gets better) - pixar video of adults saying their hard life stories - having good support systems

Answer 6

Penile plethysmograph: participants who were homophobic, divided sample into those who scored high on homophobia scale and low, then showed them erotic material (porn), variety of porn - both groups showed responsive penile strain gauge to men and women, women and women, only groups who scored high on the test were while watching men on men - they have internalized homophobia - if homophobia was associated with homosexual arousal

Answer 7

They use the Fritz Klein sexual orientation grid, looking at the complexity and use the present: they start collecting data in 2011, hookup survey, keep an eye on what’s going on on sexual behaviors and orientation Data concluded: attraction, behavior and identity on a scale - differences between men and women - men data didn’t really change over time from 2011-2019 but women somewhere in the grid have rejected heteronormativity - thought work had to be done, most of the folks on the graph checked mostly heterosexual - do these folks come out to their families, are they having sex w both men and women - right now they don’t tend to come out and exclusively have sex with opposite sex folks, but in this study they are trying to figure out where they go from here box checking type of work, gets about 1-3% of the population checking the box other

Answer 8

Study with heterosexual couples and how they defined love: women spoke about feelings and sharing them and men talked about activity based, doing things together Sent them home with homework to demonstrate their love for their partner, wife put a poem on husbands pillow wrapped up all nicely with a ribbon and she was angry and said husband did not do his homework but the husband said he fixed the radio in her car! Understanding in how their are differences is how we think about love and it helps people connect better with our partners

Answer 9

showing feelings through actions or words - women

Answer 10

a type of love where someone expresses affection or care through practical actions and support, essentially "doing things" for another person to demonstrate their love, rather than solely through emotional expression - men

Answer 11

Ludus: thrill of the chase - game playing, conquesty, people who are buying into the princess and quest but not necessarily happiness Eros: passionate love - emphasis romance, physical beauty, desire, lust - people who have string ero’s style tend to have lots of relationships Storge: love out of friendship - friends first and develops into romance (common in movies) Mania: manic - intense, untrusting to the point of dangerous. Often don’t trust their partner, and engage in frightening behavior (stalking), jealousy - these relationships do not last very long Pragma: practical love - looking for a partner who needs someone in a non romantic criteria (make a certain amount of money, right religion, right career…would be a good dad) usually arranged marriages Agape: spiritual love - some people describe it as ultimate love, you put your partners needs and happiness before your own (she doesn't like this, believes there should be a balance) sacrifice

Answer 12

Adults model infant attachment styles

Answer 13

as a baby it would be the type it would predict in adulthood Secure - based on trust, balanced reciprocal relationships, if you were secure as a baby, your more likely to be secure as an adult Avoidant - lack of communication, no strong desire to spend time together Anxious-Ambivalent - love hate relationship, clingy and push them away - fear rejection as adults Disorganized - may come from a place for trauma and there's no real secure base in an adult relationship

Answer 14

passion, intimacy, commitment: Your relationship style can be any combo of these 3 (1,2 or all 3) Empty love, infatuation, romantic love, liking - just remember that all 3 make consummate love (the best type

Answer 15

Chapman (baptist minister, and this is based off his observations of couples from his ministry) Issues with homophobia - he was very homophobic so his theory is too Aggressive marketing Acts of service, quality time, receiving gifts, physical touch… Whats missing? How couples deal with stressors

Answer 16

came up with a series of questions you answer with your partner, and by the end, legend claims that you'll fall in love with each other

Answer 17

wrote an article about falling in love using the question set - went kind of viral

Answer 18

cheating on a partner - in a romantic relationship, you have agreed to remain faithful to that partner (generally part of marriage vows) - assuming people have made an agreement to remain monogamous - breaking a promise cause of cheating

Answer 19

doing something in the context of a relationship that might upset their partner - might breach their trust (flirting, taking off your wedding ring when you go out) some people think engaging in porn is micro cheating

Answer 20

16% of adults report cheating, engaging in relationship with another person (emotional or physical), about 20% of men and 13% of women report having sex with someone else other than their spouse during the marriage (1 in 5 men) Age: under 30, infidelity in the context of marriage, 11% of women have cheated and 10% of men - this is marriage short term Someone who has cheated in the past are 3x more likely to do it again - compared to those who haven't cheated ever Cheaters often engage in partner blame for why they cheated (spending too much time at work) they don’t take responsibility for their actions - same goes for abusers

Answer 21

181 bing students completed surveys and were screened for a gene on chromosome 11 - they took cheek swabs (118 women, 63 men, avg. 20 years old), asked them about their infidelity - they found no differences between men and women, carded the “slut gene” - gender became a thing - infidelity may be biological - went viral - carded it the slut gene

Answer 22

multiple loves - knowing that someone engages in CNS doesn’t really tell you what they do or what their rules include

Answer 23

consensual non monogamy - they are in a relationship but agree that it is open and can be in other relationships

Answer 24

multiple wives (gyny) multiple husbands (dry) - across the world it still happens

Answer 25

married couples have brief sexual encounters with other people (usually no emotional entanglement) - may or may not describe as CNS

Answer 26

couple agrees to see other people - usually are rules to how it can be navigated

Answer 27

she showed us a crazy video: 1-3% of students in bing say they are polyamarous - in gay men, 60% of relationships are poly

Answer 28

social recreation with potential or already is romantic partner, different than hooking up - dinner or an event - going out

Answer 29

generally short term sexual relationships - very common - 60-80% of college students report hooking up - significant drop in number of students hu last semester - rates if sex are down in early adulthood (trending down before covid) Bedridding Just-Talking - defined differently and deliberately vague because people don’t like to label

Answer 30

Forms of socialization Form of recreation Courtship Steady dating Engagement - marriage equality since 2015 Online dating - meet through apps - older people aren’t using it as much, and more common amongst LGBTQ

Answer 31

often initiated at parties (67%), 57% dorms, cars, bars/clubs, 35% other places What happens: kissing 98%, sexual touching above the waist 58%, sexual touching below the waist 53%, performed oral sex 36%, recieved oral sex 35%, intercourse 34% Hookups support and defy traditional gender role expectations, people are often intoxicated, sometimes enough where they couldn’t navigate consent - no promise of relationships in hooking up What happens the next day: a lot of the time its a negative feeling, casual sex may be harmful - can cause psychological harm Men are less likely to report regret than women A Lot of people report positive emotions (felt good, happy…no regrets)

Answer 32

Lack of sexual attraction to others,and lack of interest in sex. He claimed that there are 2 forms. People who have a sex drive but do not direct it towards others (might masturbate), and people who have no sex drive at all - More women than men, estimate at 1% of the population are asexual Variable: may or may not be aromantic, may or may not get crushes, may or may not like hugging and/or kissing, and may or may not experience sexual feelings

Answer 33

30,000 members Mission: to create public acceptance and discussion of sexuality and to facilitate the growth of an asexual community

Answer 34

met her man online, they are both asexual, they met online, they are in love, but they don’t have sex - romantic attraction, no sexual - they took a 3 week romantic getaway to see if these asexuals would change their mind - they didn’t. no sex.

Answer 35

living together, and having some degree of an intimate relationship without being married: is it a part of courtship? Trial to marriage or alternative? It's all of the above! refers to the lifestyle of unmarried couples who have a sexually intimate relationship and who share a residence.

Answer 36

typical long term relationship style over marriage Icelandic model (Guony Bjork Eydal) - tracks relationship progression Meet, pregnancy, cohabitation, birth, and maybe marriage Premarital or nonmarital birth raises questions of relationships everywhere, but why is it common in iceland? The only way to get married was if you owned a land, most people did not (they were poor) so they couldn’t get married but that didn’t stop them from having relationships and building a family, comes from historic roots and kind of just stuck

Answer 37

folks living with an unmarried partner has risen to 70% Graphs: shows that they love each other, people cohabit because it was more convenient, made sense financially, and some want to test out a relationship - some gender differences - all kind of going in the same direction, pretty close compared to marriage for the same reasons

Answer 38

some who cohabit don’t necessarily get married Cohabiting couples show traditional roles but tend to be more androgynous (score high on both masculine and feminine traits) than married partners Cohabitation tends to me more varied in pattern Partners report being equally satisfied with cohab and marriage There are people who just got married (no cohab first) and then there are others who cohab first then marry - but it doesn’t seem to have much influence on later marital happiness Married adults have a more positive view on how things are going in their relationships, not a dramatic difference but enough to notice

Answer 39

traditional, modern and egalitarian

Answer 40

based on traditional gender roles, by rigid stereotypes, male breadwinners, women taking care house, male make financial decisions, female cares for kids - tends to have the lowest satisfaction rate, but not uncommon style

Answer 41

common for heterosexual folks - claim roles aren't important but subtly maintain them - labor is still gender typed but not as severely - kid is sick, who takes off from work, usually female partner - families move if dad is offered promotion, usually not if mom is - they say they do everything equally but still upholds some stereotypes - satisfaction rate is split, but most common type for straight folks

Answer 42

do everything equally (throw gender roles out the window) - gay and lesbian couples very common for this type - highest marital satisfaction Media is a big source of where we form our ideas of relationships and how it should be

Answer 43

Images of family life are portrayed in the media Images of life in general are portrayed in media How do these images influence us? We form impressions of what adult life may be like, especially when we our young Does it create discourse messages, cultivation? This is what what we see, it's what we think it should be like so it's what we do in our real life relationships Scripts - like disney shows, princess lifestyle “Father knows best” traditional marriage - father worked, mom stayed home and dad made all decisions for kids She gave a bunch of examples of shows exemplifying the different types of marriage styles

Answer 44

Dominant family form today - during ww2 it was single earner - economy changed to 2 earner family - as women moved into workplace, they didn’t move out of home carer space (more responsibilities) Both partners working outside the home 40+ hours a week, when they go home, women still do more which creates work overload (also called second shift syndrome) cause they take care of kids, cook dinner, clean up Women are more likely to experience work family role conflict

Answer 45

Graphs: Chore Wars - University of Michigan, income dynamics (world's longest running study since 1968) - economic health and social behavior of 8,000 families - women vs men, 2005 vs 1976, there are difference but women are still doing most of it Whos taking care of the kids, tracked heterosexual families, mothers reported doing more work with children and enjoyed it more than fathers did - career interruptions with wage gaps (taking care of children may influence it) People say moms working full time is bad for kids, but never dad. What is this implying? Invisible work: emotional labor (your kid and their best friend are fighting), dentist and doctor appointments, buying presents (birthdays or holidays), teacher meetings, homework help, schedules, event planning (family get together, birthday parties) Women do way more invisible labor in terms of families, and also do more invisible labor in the workplace

Answer 46

393 married or partnered mothers with dependent children at home; men in the household take more responsibility for big financial decisions. Women are taking on most of the responsibilities (mental health issues and women report it is a burden that creates anxiety and overwhelming)

Answer 47

dad’s knew nothing about their kids, birthdays, school they went to, grade their in, best friend…

Answer 48

people choose or choose not to have kids, more people are choosing not to be parents: some of the reasons are that the world is a scary place, climate change So why have kids if the world is such a scary place and consistently worry about them: Advantages: warmth and affection (someone to love and love you back), Stimulation and fun (exhausting but fun, they let you rediscover the world), community status (having kids gives you prestige), meaning to life (generativity), immortality (afterlife, we do know that you get a biological immortality from children through family name, traditions…), sense of accomplishment (very proud of their children), personal growth (you have to be the best person you can be when you have children, you learn patience), increase family resources (summer was off for farming purposes, even though it is very uncommon now, we still keep the same model - they did it to have lots of people working in the family business, some families still do this and have lots of kids for this reason Disadvantages: lose of freedom ( so much planning, line up a babysitter to go out), worries about well being (consistent), interference with job (they get sick, someone has to stay home), world is so unsafe, reduced time with partner (kids are so time consuming), loss of privacy, fear that they will turn out badly, financial strain (kids cost a lot)

Answer 49

2014 - 12-15k per year until they are 18 Housing 30% Children and education 18% Food 16% clothing, toys, entertainment

Answer 50

most couples become more traditional - hold onto gender roles pretty tightly especially when there are young children Marital satisfaction tends to decrease a little when they become parents Factors that can influence marital satisfaction: postponing childbearing, less traditional male gender roles, less isolation from extended family (takes a village) helps support

Answer 51

Bloodwork, genome stuff, biomes - data was collected and showed that aging is not linear, most people 44, and again at 60 - those two peaks it hits around then

Answer 52

or women, reproductive capacity comes to an end - it is a midlife transition in which fertility declines Women: reproductive capacity ends Men: reproductive capacity diminishes

Answer 53

menopause: ovulation becomes erratic, skipping periods, skipping ovulation cycles, instead of releasing 1 egg, some release 2 or more, and may result in pregnancy (not unusual to have twins) Midlife crisis or midlife metamorphosis our culture has traditionally viewed menopause as a disease rather than a natural process - we have tried to medically manage everything a woman goes through like a disease or an injury that needs treatment, other cultures view it as part of life, not an illness There is currently a controversy about how menopause should be managed or even if it should be managed

Answer 54

periods stop, start getting erratic Signs of menopause Cessation of periods Hot flashes (experienced 47%-85% of western women): feel very warm, drenched in sweat, skin turns bright red, hearts race, respiration rate picks up, some women have these a lot, some women don’t get them at all - like a panic attack Post menopause - didn’t get period in a year your probs not gonna get another one Vaginal changes Many C-sections that happen are medically unnecessary Menopause - we medicalize menstruation (pathology - as a disease) Symptoms Hair loss Itchy skin, hot flashes, skin dryness, night sweats Breast pain and more

Answer 55

hormone replacement therapy HRT Premarin - pregnant mare urine - made it from horse urine: pregnant horses, apparatus tied to their bellies so they can produce this drug - from this they made synthetic hormone replacement therapy It was marketed as a fountain of youth Advantages: didn’t do a lot of the things it claimed to do (did opposite) short term management of severe discomfort (hot flashes) May reduce the risk of osteoporosis Osteoporosis: When hormone levels drop, bone density drops, and for elderly folks, osteoporosis can be a very big problem (can lose your balance, put your hand out to catch yourself and break your wrist) Women are more likely to have it then men, and it is very difficult to fix bone density problems May reduce the risk of colon cancer Disadvantages May increase the risk of: Endometrial cancer - uterine lining Breast cancer Heart disease Stroke Dementia Study came out in 2003, studying thousands of women taking HRT - they started seeing deaths, directly linked to HRT - they stopped the study and didn’t want to do more because it seemed very dangerous - this study went viral - came out that it was very dangerous and usage plummeted by 66% - made people question why they would describe such a dangerous drug All the horse farms, witht he stables of pregnant horses to collect the urine and once the demand for HRT dropped, they kept the horses pregnant, and they were either slaughtered or given away

Answer 56

it is still prescribed for the relief of severe hot flashes, it is prescribed for women at risk for osteoporosis, not prescribed for women with a history of breast cancer, and it is not recommended for women over 6o to initiate HRT

Answer 57

1 in 8 women develop this General age is 45 to start getting yearly mammograms Women with family history of breast cancer to start at 40

Answer 58

average age of diagnosis is about 50, and rarely develops in people under 20 - about 1,000 women die from it each year For women, ovulation stops late 40’s

Answer 59

Men can be fertile into their 90’s but we do see a decrease after age 40, in quantity of semen and sperm More common to find problems with erectile dysfunction 20% of men experience some degree of erectile dysfunction by 60 - wasn’t talked about for years - and then accidentally viagra was discovered

Answer 60

marketing of drugs to consumers through direct marketing - millions of ads which created open discussion to the topic Drug companies embraced and supported it: they did not pay for birth control pills, but would pay for this - arguments back and forth and the drug companies started paying for birth control too These drugs work by boosting the natural release of nitric oxide in the body - it is typical released during sexual arousal, increase in blood flow

Answer 61

- most people don’t get them Almost like a hot flash Headaches Stomach aches Rarely flu like symptoms Even more rarely, blurred vision Sometimes it doesn't stop working and a continuous erection occurs

Answer 62

Work with your dr for underlying health conditions See your dr regularly Stop smoking, limit alcohol, don't use illegal drugs Exercise regularly Take steps to reduce stress Get help for anxiety Contributing factors for ED Vascular disease Diabetes High blood pressure Smoking Surgery Nerve damage: stroke Endocrine imbalance emotional / psychological Drugs

Answer 63

Seasons coincide with eriksons stages Construction of a dream - in early adulthood, young adults construct a dream of what their future adult self would be like - dream life Importance of mentorship - for young adults: in academia we have mentors, but he’s suggesting everyone everywhere - hitting an age of generativity, and people are looking to mentor younger adults Some young adults focus on careers first and others focus on relationships More men focusing on career and more women focusing on relationships, but now it's more fluid He also found that age 30, those who focused on careers focus on relationship, and those who focused on relationships focused on careers Men settled into adult roles more easily than women did (unsettled for longer but eventually did settle)

Answer 64

Also built off of erikson His participants focused on intimate relationships in their 20’s, not just romantic ones but also about building lifelong friendships - intimacy concerns Career consolidation in their 30’s 40’s became more generative - children, colleagues - giving back 50’s and 60’s became keepers of meaning - not everyone but families had individuals who became this keeper of meaning - can be anybody but from each generation, the older gen passes it on - the folks who know the family traditions and history and have the biggest collection of fam photos and most likely the ones who organize reunions or other events like holidays or birthdays 70’s becomes spiritual and reflective

Answer 65

movies give examples, characters change their lives completely - “midlife crisis” Midlife Crisis (is it a real thing?): Levinson Vs Vailant Levinson - yes, there is, turmoil at midlife Vailant - no, slow, steady change How could they be so different - methodology: if there is something going on, there are gender differences in timing (this is constant) Levinson interview 35-40 years of age and Vailant did longitudinal work If there is any transitional crisis going on (thats a big if) Men: more likely to experience transition in the early 40’s Women: more likely to experience the transition in the last 40’s early 50’s

Answer 66

Empty Nest Syndrome: when kids leave home they have nobody to watch after and immediately care for anymore - kids are not living there anymore establishing their own homes - it associates parents with anxiety and depression (menopause?!) Now, data proves quite the opposite, parents fele happy and accomplished that thor children are adults out there functioning in the real world

Answer 67

our attitudes about sex and behaviors change due to discourse messages leading us to believe certain realities Often older adults are considered non sexual, no desire for sexual needs, or for men as “dirty old men”, as people age, they generally remain sexually active - safe sex practices focus on contraception, so often when we talk about aging people, because of menopause, people aren’t fertile anymore and they stop using condoms and STDs in the elderly has become an epidemic SO SO many elderly folks are getting STI’s because they don’t use condoms bc they are stressed more for preventative measures so you don’t end up with a kid as opposed to a sexually transmitted disease

Answer 68

Culture sends messages: older people are no longer attractive, not interested in sex, like it's not important to their lives, Its abnormal for older adults to be interested in sex - once you get old, its over (the message society sends), but in reality, it's not over - desire continues into old age

Answer 69

Adolescents: revealing clothing, nudes, first date, first kiss, sexual encounter, PDA, expected to have strong sex drive, sex is primary Adults: sexual activity is assumed (can be problematic for asexual folks), physical attractiveness is very important, sex is secondary Aging: cute, sweet, wholesome and without desire, there is media representation of dirty old men (flashers in public parks), betty white (wholesome, sweet old lady), Jack nicholson, sex is portrayed as not on the radar

Answer 70

Men: ED Women: changes associated with menopause (associated with vag dryness) Both: chronic pain and other body changes like arthritis Our culture is so appearance oriented so people may feel less comfortable in their own skin to share their bodies with their partners

Answer 71

70-80% of older adults report being sexually active - engaging in sexual activities, and their satisfaction with this sexual activity is high! Gender differences exist: both married and single men report being sexually active but married women report higher levels of activity than those that are not married

Answer 72

individuals were high on this street are softhearted, trusting generous acquiescence, lenient, and good natured. Individuals were low on the street are ruthless, suspicious, stingy, antagonistic, critical and irritable.

Answer 73

individuals on the street are conscientious, hard-working, well organized, punctual ambitious, and preserving, individuals were low on the street are negligent, lazy disorganized, late aimless and not persistent.

Answer 74

Agreeableness and conscientiousness increase into middle age while neuroticism declines and extraversion and openness to experience do not change or decrease slightly, although adults change in overall organization and integration of personality they do so on a foundation of basic and during dispositions

Answer 75

Both straight and gay couples report regular sexual activity Women in general (both straight and lesbian ) are more likely to discontinue sexual activity than men Gay and lesbian aging adults are likely to report a preference for same-partners Age gap in straight partners? Cultivation effect? Straight men tend to prefer younger partners, and women tend to prefer same-age

Answer 76

number of causes - most people going into later years are fine, cognitively Two of the most common kinds - alzheimers and cerebrovascular dementia

Answer 77

irreversible, progressive brain condition, that slowly deteriorates memory and thinking skills - shrinks brain - patients have great difficulty in taking care of everyday tasks - symptoms usually first appear in mid-’60s but there are early onset conditions, which progress quickly (estimate is more than 5 ½ million Americans have dementia caused by Alzheimer's) Brain deterioration: structural changes, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid plaques, healthy neurons stop functioning and lose connection with other neurons and die which results in loss of cognitive function And we see changes in neurotransmitters - lowered levels: of acetylcholine, and serotonin - depression typically accompanies Alzheimer's Alzheimers ad: for a drug - very manipulative, playing on an older person's fears that their forgetfulness is alzheimer’s

Answer 78

little tiny strokes (micro strokes), blood vessels in the brain become blocked, and parts of the brain aren't receiving oxygen - contributes to memory loss and difficulty with other tasks You can have both of these at the same time (this and alzheimers)

Answer 79

people taking medications that interact badly - healthcare system is set up (elderly people tend to see a lot of different doctors) - might not put everything on record and those drugs may clash with other drugs and cause memory loss and cognitive problems - is reversible but many mistake it for dementia As we age we don’t preserve nutrients as well, is reversible with well balanced diet!

Answer 80

the idea that there are differences in age and abilities such as slow drivers on the highway, we immediately think it is an old lady Many view all older adults as experiencing dementia which leads to infantilizing old people, treating them like children - adding lots of endearment, speaking very simply - some of them don’t like it at all In reality, there are wide individual differences in aging, some people experience dementia, and some people don’t - It varies Destroying those aging stereotypes: older adults are severely under-represented: exacerbated for women, and very rarely depicted in positive ways in media

Answer 81

wrote books at 101 and 103, their dad was a slave, and they both were never married, very positive - reviews highlighted wisdom, and viewed the sisters as wise As we get older, we get wiser! That is not necessarily true!

Answer 82

Breadth and depth of practical knowledge Reflection on knowledge that makes life more bearable and worthwhile Emotional maturity Integrative creativity - putting music with humanities (studying it), bringing 2 different things together

Answer 83

Factual, basic knowledge: knowing stuff Strategies and procedures: for daily problems and so on… Lifespan contextualism-consider multiple domains, your job, family, relationships in context and how they all fit together, people who are wise can fit it together very well and see connections between all the different things Relativism - life goals and values are relative, they change with age Merriweather’s great niece is very focused on being good for christmas to get presents, its her goal, and incredible important to her Goals become very focused on different things depending on age, when you get to be older, your goals may change accordingly Uncertainty - plan for and acknowledge life’s uncertainty - always throwing curveballs at us, it’s not something your necessarily expecting but handling it

Answer 84

They had in common: looked back on their lives as very happy and fulfilled - research suggests happy people live longer, mentioned food especially healthy food, keeping good nutrition, one man mentioned that there were hard times but they got through it - resilience was a big common factor

Answer 85

for most people, not everyone - average age of grandparenthood is 49-51 years old (consider themselves middle-aged) The transition is usually viewed positively,m status changes to value the elders, prestige of having grandchildren Immortality is achieved through descendants Opportunity to re-involve with personal past, like playing with grand children Indulgence of grandchildren

Answer 86

Detached: see grandchild infrequently almost no influence: today we have more opportunity to be connected through technology Passive: See grandchildren a couple times a month but don't exert much influence Active: Maay see grandchildren a varying number of times a month but are a big influence on their lives Now, alot of grandparents have begun raising their grandchildren - more frequently, lots of different reasons for it - some may be related to problems in family, drugs and alcohol (opioid academic), loss of parents, parents incarcerated…

Answer 87

Is menopause rare? We are unique in that we have menopause, women who reach the end of their reproductive lives, but live on, and its suggested in popular media that it is a rare phenomenon, other species experience something similar to menopause but not quite the same Most animals remain reproductively active through their lifespans - killer whales, 20-30-40+ years for reproductive lifespan theories Modern life extending lifespan beyond reproduction - abnormally extended (doesn’t apply to killer whales cause they don’t have modern life) Reduce the risk of age-related genetic conditions - chromosomal conditions Helping offspring (especially last offspring) Extended mothering hypothesis: more adaptive than having more children of their own, nurture their last child and make sure they succeed Helping children, daughters especially, rear the next generation Research on killer whales shows grandmother whales keep their sons alive (older sons) and when they die, their sons often die shortly after the mothers did - they also have really got hunting skills, to hunt for their families, and teaching younger whales how to hunt - is adaptive

Answer 88

females live so long to fill the social role of caring for children once they can no longer have children of their own anymore: humans are not the only species that goes through menopause - helping take care of your offspring and their offspring - grandmother can’t be the only reason behind menopause Whales experience end of reproductivity but don’t experience menopause -

Answer 89

3.2% of us children are being raised by grandparents - for different reasons why parents cannot care for their children - becoming a common family style

Answer 90

parallels child maltreatment with one exception (financial) Physical Abuse Physcial Neglect Psychological abuse Financial Abuse - older folks who are may be suffering from demantia, physcial frailty, probably need help with their life and most likely finances, and sometimes it results in an abusive situation Often a family member involved Risk factors Dependency of the vicitim - alzheimers or dementia patient, anything that makes them psychologically or physically dependent Dependency of the perpetrator - can be son or daughter, they may be psychologically dependent on the child and it increases the risk for abuse Psychologically disturbance and stress of perpetrator History of family violence Institutional conditions - not all institutions are created equally, some have pretty scary conditions

Answer 91

Our culture fears and has anxiety of death? Why is our death anxiety so high We avoid it, its a scary topic to us Pretend it doesnt happen Other cultures do not have such high death anxiety and we have to ask why? If we face our anxiety and accept the idea of death, what happens?

Answer 92

exposure reduces death anxiety Undergraduate nursing class, 97 participants in experimental group; control of 122 people, they found that learning about death and grief and the intimacies of end of life care, cause death anxiety to drop significantly

Answer 93

People die around friends and family, die at home and the surrounding friends and family see death: and doesnt necessarily present itself as very scary In the US, patients of chronic illness typically die in a hospital, and usually end up dying alone, covid exaterbated that - people viewed it as terribke but it wasn’t different than what typically happens dying from natural settings usually are alone When asked, people say they want to die at home with their families around, not in hospitals - end result is increased hospice services

Answer 94

No. They do not. John kennedy junior at 3 years old saluted his fathers casket, and people were amazed of his composure, but the kid probably didn’t understand that it was his father

Answer 95

Death is permanent: its irreversible, it won’t come back Inevitable and universal: all living things eventually die Cessation and nonfunctionality; when you die, all your bodily needs and functions stop: you dont feel pain, you don’t eat or sleep (this is very difficult for kids to understand) Kids rabbit died, when they were giving him a funeral, they brought his water bottle, special blanket, thinking he would need it… Applicability: phone died, car died, computer died, obviosuly we don’t mean it in the same way but kids might understand it liek that Causation: death is caused because something in the body doesnt work anymore - usually deterioration… All of these different things need to be understood for kids to actually understand death: sometimes kids say things because of difference in cognition, they probably don’t understand the actual situation, just don’t understand it yet

Answer 96

Research suggests that it is from disney or any other animated films Can be very confusing for kids to see a disney death

Answer 97

Coded 10 disney films There were 23 deaths About even between protagonists and antagonists And even between seeing the death or just hints of it Most deaths were protrayed a spermanent final and irreversible Disney had been criticized for portrayiung deatha s nonpermanent Emotional portrayal was generally negative Causality deathw a sportrayed as purposeful (70%) overall about half of the deaths were justified and the other half were unjusitified Definitly may be problematic that kids are getting their info about death from disney then from in a healtheir way Books may be a good way to explain it to kids

Answer 98

our culture has placed alot of emphasis from a medical perspective on curing people Making people comfortable, not in pain, and making sure that their quality of life is as good as possible 6 months of less usually qualifies for hospice care, it sees patient and family as a unit - if possible, the patient is kept at home, or home life atmosphere Focuses on improving the quality of life but not prolonging it Follow up with bereavement services for the family - help the fam with greif counseling Palliative vs Curitive, they emphasize palliative

Answer 99

he studied terminally ill patients (chronic illnesses) Denial: “no I’m not dying” Anger: angry at doctors or family Bargainning: “give me more time!” Depression Acceptance People were trying to encourage temrinally ill people to go through these stages but their not really stages, they are more of coping strategies and people cope differently Someone will most likely be on a different trajectory than someone else More acceptance in older people, more denial and anger in younger people that are dying

Answer 100

is common - drug that puts them to sleep, then another drug that stops their heart - We tend to treat animals in this humane way, if they are suffering, we euthanize them, but we don’t do that with people

Answer 101

Humans and Euthanasia “The right to die”, like animals who are suffering and can get euthanized, there is a push for humans who are suffering to have the option to be euthanized as well, 72% have pushed for this to pass Terry Shiavo - she was in her 30’s and her heart stopped, but they got it restarted again: it had stopped for long enough that she had suffered severe brain damage - she was bedridden, couldn’t talk, needed 24hr care - the husband cared for her and nurses, and ate up all the savings, and the husband questioned the quality of life and didn;t think that she would want to live like this so he started a petition for her to die, terrys parents opposed it - court cases going on and on, back and forth, in floida - ultimately he won and they were allowed to withdraw care from her - they stopped feeding and hydrating her, and it took her days to die Her brain scans show showed that most of her brain tissue had been destroyed Whole thing could have been avoided if she had left instructions incase something had happened - but it is very important to have these kinds of conversations because just like in terrys case it can be avoided People make living wills

Answer 102

end of life termination of terminal care What terry experienced, stopping of care which ended her life Not humane, not how we would euthanize a pet

Answer 103

a deliberate action that a medical professional that hastens the progrrssion, and its generally not allowed in the united states

Answer 104

the person has asked for it - doctors sometimes engage in mercy killings

Answer 105

incapacitated, can’t make decisions for themselves, not competent to make a decision so someone else decides for them - without the patients consent, wishes are unknown

Answer 106

against the patients wishes - in cases where the person didn’t want that

Answer 107

some countries have legalized this, in the united states, it’s legal in 10 states - go with a terminal diagnosis, two doctors agreeing and saying you have 6 months or less to live and the doctors say that the qualities of life is not good, and thye will prescribe you medication that will end the life

Answer 108

Death with dignity movement took off with case of karen ann quinlan 1976 They finally gave in and stopped care, and she didn’t die Should we let people have the same rights that we give to pets assisted was u doing it yourself and euthanasia is a doctor performing it

Answer 109

Aviodance - hasnt processed yet Confrontation - openly grieve and cry Accomadation - our lives now have this hole in them, but you learn to go on with your lives Typical grieving takes 9 months to 2 years Grieving for the rest of your lives - very scary, but grief is love that we have trouble expressing Were not good at grief, or helping people grieve - we try to help someone grieving, but there is nothing you can do, humans try to connect, Presence and Space Holding Space and Being present - be present and let it be about them, don’t try to fix it or connect with them in that way - because of death anxiety sometimes we avoid grieving

Answer 110

genetically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are Universal in all members of species

Answer 111

dna at the end of your chromosomes, safeguards the stability of your cells. They shorten with each cell duplication and when they drop below a critical length, the cell can no longer divide - shortens with age. Telomerase prevents shortening and can even reverse it making them longer. Low birthweight is associated with shorter telomeres, and persistent emotional stress in childhood (abuse, bullying…) is linked to shortening. And for pregnant women enduring emotional stress in white blood cells - when adults make positive life changes, telomeres respond appropriately

Answer 112

with each duplication a special type of DNA located at the end of chromosomes serving as a cap to protect the ends from destruction and it shortens eventually so little remains that the cell can no longer duplicate it all

Answer 113

naturally occurring High reactive chemical that form in the presence of oxygen

Answer 114

over time protein fibers that make up the bodies connective tissue form bonds or links with one another with these normally separate fibers Crosslink tissue becomes less elastic leading to many negative outcomes (Damage to kidneys, clouding of the eyes, loss of flexibility in the skin and other organs)

Answer 115

after age 20 because of shrinkage of the thymus gland and increased difficulty coping with physical and psychological stress

Answer 116

are tobacco marijuana and alcohol

Answer 117

is the most common deadly STI which spreads most rapidly through men having sex with men and through heterosexual contact in poverty stricken minority groups

Answer 118

most rape victims are women under age 25, who have been harmed by men they know well

Answer 119

the amount of energy the body uses at a complete rest

Answer 120

cognitive development Beyond Piaget’s formal operational stage

Answer 121

Refers to our Reflections and how we arrived at facts beliefs and ideas

Answer 122

dividing information values and Authority into right and wrong good and bad and we and they - very black and white, only one right answer

Answer 123

viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought. aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics they gave up their possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths each relative to its context

Answer 124

instead of choosing between opposing views they try to formulate a more personally satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions

Answer 125

a structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems

Answer 126

awareness of conflicting positive and negative feelings and coordination of them into complex organized structure that recognizes the uniqueness of individual experiences - happy and nervous at big family gatherings

Answer 127

acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field or endeavor

Answer 128

This study was done whether to see if critical thinking complex reasoning and written Communications would have substantial labor market payoffs which researchers have discovered that they do and they are a need for colleges to promote students involvement in academics and career relevant extracurricular experiences and to upgrade the rigor of their courses so that students May land well paying jobs post College.

Answer 129

in early and middle childhood children gain insight into career options by fantasizing about them

Answer 130

between ages 11 and 16 adolescents think about careers and more complex ways at first in terms of their interests and soon as they become more aware of personal and educational requirements for different vocations, they think in terms of their abilities and values

Answer 131

by the late teens and early twenties with economic and practical realities of adulthood just around the corner young people start to narrow their options a first step is often further exploration Gathering more information about possibilities that blend with their personal characteristics in the Final Phase crystallization they focus on General vocation category and experiment for a time before settling on a single occupation

Answer 132

Ross was a male in a female dominated Work World. One of the benefits was rapid advancement and the high regard of women colleagues but guys on the outside question his abilities and masculinity for choosing a career in the female dominated region. these men tend to be more liberal in their social attitudes less gender typed less focused on social status of their work and more interested in working with people - coworkers tend to assume they are more knowledgeable than they actually are and these men often report being offered Choice job placements and opportunities to move quickly into supervisory positions although many did not seek such advancement. many men Express anxiety about being stigmatized and many encounter The View that they are less able than women to perform stereotypical feminine aspects of their jobs such as requiring sensitivity and caring, experiences that can increase work-related stress. the study revealed that men too would benefit from support of relationships with same gender role models and to end gender- biased beliefs and behaviors

Answer 133

have been slow and their achievements lag behind those event in virtually all fields gender stereotype messages play a key role

Answer 134

the transition to adults roles has become so delayed and prolonged that it has spawned a new transitional period extending from the late teens to the mid to late 20s

Answer 135

The study looks into whether these years of emergence should be designated a new life stage. at no time has adulthood in complex societies been attained at a distinct moment; rather young people in the past reached adult status earlier in some domains and later in others just as they do today. transitions occur during all periods of adult life with societal conditions heavily influencing their timing length and complexity. In developing countries the majority of young people, particularly women, are limited in education and married and have children early. but the extended exploration that defines this period might be largely A coping mechanism on the part of young people who cannot find rewarding jobs even after college graduation. When college graduates find satisfying work enabling Financial Independence, most choose not to postpone these responsibilities. in their view rather than being unique emerging adults are part of a general Trend toward blurring of age-related expectations yielding multiple Transitions and increased diversity and development throughout the adult years

Answer 136

psychological conflict of early adulthood is evident in The Young Person's thoughts and feelings about making a long-term commitment to an intimate partner and in close, mutually gratifying friendships

Answer 137

including parenting and contributions to society through work and community service

Answer 138

and described a series of errors in which people revise their life structure young adults usually construct a dream typically involving career for men and both marriage and career for women and former relationship with a mentor, in their 30s men try to settle down whereas many women remain unsettled

Answer 139

age graded expectations for major life events such as beginning of first job getting married birth of the first child buying a home and retiring

Answer 140

identifies three components; passionate intimacy and commitment

Answer 141

intense sexual attraction

Answer 142

warm trusting affection and valuing of the other

Answer 143

concern for the others well-being Express through caring efforts to alleviate the others distress and promote the others growth and flourishing

Answer 144

Eastern cultures emphasize dependency and family obligation in lifelong partners, many arranged marriages succeed with couples reporting that commitment helps strengthen their love

Answer 145

Attachment figures that serve as a guide for close relationships throughout life. additional evidence indicates that Recollections of childhood attachment patterns predict romantic relationships in adulthood researchers asked people about their early parental bonds their attitudes towards intimate relationships and their actual experiences with romantic partners. Theory adult memories and interpretations of childhood attachment patterns we're good indicators of internal working models and relationship experiences. the findings suggest that adult Recollections bear some resemblance to actual parent-child experiences. in some negative parent-child experiences can be carried toward into adult close relationships.

Answer 146

a series of phases characterizing the development of most families around the world why variations exist such as delayed home leaving has occurred in most industrialized nations, departures generally occur earlier for Education than for full-time work or marriage role Transitions and financial circumstances often prompt a move back

Answer 147

brings increased responsibilities often prompting a shift to more traditional roles, after the birth of the second child this may reverse

Answer 148

Partners similar in socioeconomic status education religion and age, they got married in their mid-20s, the timing of pregnancy was after their first year of marriage, relationship towards extended family was warm and positive and stable, financial and employment status was Secure, family responsibilities were shared, emotionally positive personality characteristics and behavior

Answer 149

partners are very different in socio-economic status education religion and age, they got married before the mid-20s, they got pregnant before or within the first year of marriage, the relationship with the extended family is negative and unstable, financial and employment status is insecure, familial responsibilities were largely on the women, and personality characteristics and behavior were emotionally negative and impulsive

Answer 150

violence and families is a widespread health and human rights issue occurring in all Cultures and socio-economic groups. women victims are more often physically injured. partner abuse also occurs at similar rates in same sex and other sex relationships. factors for abusing each other are to strike first getting my partner's attention gaining control and expressing anger we're the most common. personality and developmental history family circumstances and cultural factors combined to make partner abuse more likely and many abusers are overly dependent on their spouses. when asked to explain their offenses they attribute greater blame to their partner than to themselves. adults with child exposure to domestic violence are not doomed to repeat it but their parents provided them with a negative expectations and behavior that they often transfer to their close relationships. many people are afraid to leave these abusive relationships due to a variety of factors such as a wife may depend on her husband's earnings power or fear even worse harm to herself or her children. Anonymous counseling and social support and shelters offer safety and treatment. many treated perpetrators repeat their violent Behavior with the same or new partner and few interventions acknowledge that men are also victims.

Answer 151

increased becoming the preferred mode of entry into a committed intimate partnership for young people Remarriages are especially vulnerable to break up reasons include emphasis on practical concerns in the decision to remarry the Persistence of negative patterns of communication and acceptance of divorce as a solution to marital difficulties and problems adjusting to step family

Answer 152

Men's career path are usually continuous whereas women's are often interrupted by family needs women and ethnic minorities have penetrated most professions but their career advancement has been hampered by the time away from the labor market low self-efficacy with respect to male dominated Fields lack of mentoring and gender stereotypes racial and ethnic bias remains strong ethnic minority women who succeed display on an unusually high sense of self-efficacy Employed parents often experience roll overload which can be greatly reduced by workplace supports such as time flexible policies effectively balancing work and family enhances standard of living psychological well-being marital happiness and work performance

Answer 153

around 60 the lens loses its capacity to adjust objects varying distances, causing this condition

Answer 154

adults are an increased risk for this. It’s a disease and which port fluid drainage lead to a buildup of pressure within the eye damaging the optic nerve

Answer 155

begins with a decline in detection of high frequencies, and then spreads to other tones. It’s the ability to distinguish occurring in close succession also and eventually human speech becomes harder to decipher.

Answer 156

the end of menstruation and reproductive capacity

Answer 157

it can reduce the discomfort of menopause, but if used it increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and cognitive declines

Answer 158

a major cause of death and middle adulthood, especially among men symptoms include high blood pressure high blood cholesterol Aro sclerosis heart attack, arrhythmia, and angina pectoris quitting smoking, reducing blood cholesterol exercising, and reducing stress can decrease risk and eat in treatment. Women experiencing a heart attack or offered overlooked misdiagnosed or insufficiently treated.

Answer 159

dietary restriction in non-primate animals slows aging while maintaining good health and body functions. It showed various psychological health benefits, lower incidence of chronic diseases and up to 50% increase in length of life. It was recess monkeys, and they found the accumulated body fat differently less on the torso. It was a type of distribution that reduces middle-aged humans risk of heart disease. Non-primates it was found that restriction inhibited production of free radicals it protected against chronic inflammation of body tissues, which result in tissue damage and involved in many diseases of aging, and lastly, it reduced blood glucose and improved insulin sensitivity, thereby lessening the risk of diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Tracking the monkeys, it revealed inconsistent findings, but did prove that limiting food intake dramatically reduce the incidence of age related diseases. Human research was done a tribe called Okinawa. They consumed on average 20% fewer calories. participants displayed improved cardiovascular and other health indicators suggesting reduced risk of age related disease. Life extending effects remain uncertain in primates the diverse health benefits of limited calorie intake are now well established.

Answer 160

biology and culture joint forces to influence women’s response to menopause, making it a bio cultural event yet in western industrialized nations menopause has been regarded as a syndrome of physical and emotional symptoms requiring treatment research unknown western cultures reveals that middle-aged women social status also affects the experience of menopause Asian women report shoulder back and joint pain Asian women seem to interpret menopausal distress in light of their socially valued commitments in Japan. Neither women northern doctors consider menopause to be a significant marker of female middle-age as a socially recognized productive maturity. Aging is associated with increased status and menopause brings release from child rearing and more time for leisure activities and you limit menopause up to 10 years than counterpart developed nations perhaps because of additional physical stressors such as poor nutrition and heavy physical work. Like Americans rural Greek women use birth control to limit hot flashes and sweating at menopause. Yutan women report looking forward to menopause describing it as being happy and free like a young girl again.

Answer 161

when age related bone loss is severe

Answer 162

extreme, competitiveness, ambition, impatience, hostility, angry, outbursts, and sense of eagerness, hurriedness, and time pressure

Answer 163

includes both problem centered coping and emotional center. Constructive approaches to anger, abduction, and social support in middle adulthood. People tend to cope with stress, more effectively, often reporting lasting personal benefits, exercise, physical and psychological advantages, making it worthwhile for sedentary, middle-age people to begin exercising.

Answer 164

a set of three personal qualities control, commitment, and challenge that together create this

Answer 165

many adults in recounting a difficult time in their lives, say that it ultimately made them stronger and outcome confirmed by research. It was also showed that it can lead to remarkable personal benefits. A study in France conducted with 2000 adults ranging in age from 18 to 101 for four years were assessed lifetime exposure to adversity and they were given a list of 37 negative life events and asked to indicate which ones they had experienced how often and what age these events, for example, violent assault death of a loved one severe financial difficulties, divorce and major disasters, such as fire, flood, or earthquake once each year participants mental health and well-being were assessed. Experiencing modest levels of lifetime adversity seems to foster a sense of mastery generating in people the hardiness or toughness needed to overcome future stressors adults with no history of adversity are deprived vital opportunities for learning to manage life stressors so they respond less optimally when with them. Grappling occasional adverse event is vital source resilience.

Answer 166

refers to the skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience good judgment in mastery of social conventions abilities acquired because they are valued by the individuals culture (taught)

Answer 167

depends heavily on basic information, processing skills, ability to detect relationships among visual stimuli speeds of analyzing information and capacity of working memory (cannot be taught)

Answer 168

is multidimensional, multi directional, and plastic illness and unfavorable environments are linked to intellectual declines, stimulating occupations and leisure pursuits. Flexible personalities, last marriages, good health and economic advantage, predict favorable cognitive development.

Answer 169

women do better verbal tasks and perceptual speed whereas men excel at spatial skills

Answer 170

people perform less well on memory reasoning, and problem-solving tasks, especially fluid ability items, but other factors also predict age related cognitive performances, working memory, diminishes, and inhibition, and flexible shifting attention become more challenging

Answer 171

which requires people to size up real world situations in analyze how best to achieve goals that have a high degree of uncertainty

Answer 172

generativity involves reaching out to others and ways that give to and guide the next generation

Answer 173

middle-aged adults, confront for developmental tasks, requiring them to reconcile opposing tendencies, young-old, destruction-creation, masculinity-femininity, and engagement-separation

Answer 174

storylines and themes revealed that adults high and low in generativity reconstructor past and anticipate their future in strictly different ways highly generated people create something called a commitment story which adults give to others as means of giving back to the family, community and society. The stories involve good and bad . Clash between blessing and suffering motivates the person to view the self as cold or more committed to being good to others. Who was interviewed showed overflowed expressions and generative commitment. Life story, redemption events linked to generativity some adults may view their generative activities as a way to redeem negative aspect in their life. Although adults high and low generativity positive and negative events included in their narrative, interpret those events and entirely differently.

Answer 175

our self-doubt, and stress, especially great during the 40s and do they prompt major reconstructing of the personality

Answer 176

make changes best described as turning points only a minority experience, a midlife crisis, which is intense self-doubt, and stress leading to drastic life alterations - life regrets are associated with less favorable, psychological well-being, but can also prompt corrective action

Answer 177

future oriented, representations of what one hopes to become, and what one is afraid of becoming possible cells are the temporal dimension of self-concept. What is the individuals driving for and attempting to avoid?

Answer 178

what factors contribute to individual differences and psychological well-being at midlife. Good health and exercise is incredibly important middle-aged adult to report a high sense of control over events and various aspects of their lives such as health, family, and work report more favorable psychological well-being. Personal investment to mental health. Happiness is flow and flow is the height of enjoyment flow depends on perseverance and skill complex endeavors that potential for growth. Developing gratifying, social ties closely to midlife psychological. it promotes positive emotions and protects against stress a good marriage, psychological well-being even more the role of marriage and mental health increases with becoming a powerful predictor by midlife. Adults do not necessarily benefit, but in western Europe, cohabiting signifies high relationship, commitment, cohabitors, and married people report equally positive well-being. People remain greater happiness between marriage and well-being is similar in many nations suggesting marriage changes people behavior, and make them better off. They also have more satisfying sex lives than singles, success and handling multiple rules such as spouse, parent coworker, community volunteer is linked to psychological well-being. Finally, among not family rules community volunteering in the leader part of midlife contribute uniquely to psychological well-being. It may do so by strengthening, self efficacy, generativity, and altruism.

Answer 179

neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness

Answer 180

individuals who are worrying temperamental, self self-conscious, emotional, and vulnerable. Individuals were low tempered, self comfortable, emotional and hardy

Answer 181

individuals who are high on the street are affectionate talkative, active fun, loving and passionate. Individuals were low on this street reserved quiet passive sober and emotionally unreactive.

Answer 182

on imaginative, creative, curious and liberal individuals were low on the street are down to earth, uncreative, conventional uncurious and conservative

Answer 183

individuals were high on this street are softhearted, trusting generous acquiescence, lenient, and good natured. Individuals were low on the street are ruthless, suspicious, stingy, antagonistic, critical and irritable.

Answer 184

individuals on the street are conscientious, hard-working, well organized, punctual ambitious, and preserving, individuals were low on the street are negligent, lazy disorganized, late aimless and not persistent.

Answer 185

a trend in which women who support themselves or their families have become the majority of the adult population, living in poverty, regardless of age and ethnic group

Answer 186

gathering the family for celebrations and making sure everyone stays in touch

Answer 187

grandparent caregivers are more likely to be women than men. Grandparents generally step in when parents troubled lives, severe financial hardship, substance abuse, child, abuse, and neglect, family, violence, or physical, or mental illness, threaten children, safety, and security of these families taken two or more children grandparents usually assume parenting role highly stressful circumstances. Also introduce financial burdens onto the household that often are already low income. Grandpa struggle with daily dilemmas, wanting to be grandparents not parents wanting the parents to be present in the child’s life, but fearing for the child well-being at the parent returns and does not provide good care report feeling emotionally, drained, depressed, and worried about what if their own health fails. Despite great hardship, these grandparents seem to realize their widespread image as silence saviors, often forging close emotional bonds with their grandchildren and using effective child rearing practices of grandchildren as a second chance in opportunity to make up for earlier favorable parenting experiences, and do it right.

Answer 188

grandparents live with grandchildren, but apart from the child’s parents

Answer 189

reassess their relationships with aging parents often becoming more appreciative mother daughter relationships tend to be closer than other parent child ties the more positive history of the parent child tie the greater do you need for assistance the more help exchanged

Answer 190

why they used to refer to the idea that middle-aged adults must care for multiple generations above and below them at the same time

Answer 191

are common as middle-age people seek to increase the personal meaning and self direction of the work lies certain aspects of job performance improve jobs. Satisfaction increases at all occupation levels more so for men than for women.

Answer 192

a condition in which long-term job stress leads to mental exhaustion, a sense of loss of personal control and feelings of reduced accomplishment

Answer 193

minority invisible barrier to advancement of the corporate ladder

Answer 194

including loss of income and status and increased free time besides financial planning preparing for an active retirement is vital with a strong impact on happiness low paid workers and women need extra encouragement to engage in retirement planning

Answer 195

the number of years an individual born in a particular year, can expect to live at any age

Answer 196

the number of years, a person born in a particular year can expect to live in full health without disease or injury

Answer 197

Jean Lewis Calment she lived until age 122. Heredity undoubtedly contributed to her longevity. She was healthy and energetic, and her diet consist of rich and olive oil and an occasional glass of port wine. She wrote a bicycle until 100 years old. She recommended laughter as the best recipe for a long life. The past 25 years have seen a nearly 5 fold increase in the world’s center and population with women outnumbering men by 5 to 1. There is a Genetically based survival advantage. Those centenarians children display few were physical and cognitive impairments, compared with older adults of similar age. There might be a shared segment of identical DNA on the fourth chromosome, suggesting that a certain gene or several genes may increase the likelihood of exceptionally long life. They usually have Efficiently functioning immune systems, and after death examinations revealed few brain abnormalities. Late childbearing may indicate that the body including the reproductive system is aging slowly. In the research group, the centers were highly optimistic and they also scored higher on tough mindedness independence, emotional security, and openness to experience traits. That may be vital for surviving beyond 100 an important contributed to their favorable mental health and longevity is social support centenarians have a history of community involvement working for just causes that are central to their growth and happiness in some robust centenarians. Illustrate typical development at its best. Independent mentally alert happy 100-year-old reveal have healthy lifestyle, personal resourcefulness and close ties to family and community can build a biological strength by pushing the limits of an active fulfilling life.

Answer 198

or species specific biological limit to length of life in years corresponding to the age at which the oldest known individual died

Answer 199

ADLs: basic self-care tasks required to live on one’s own, such as bathing dressing getting in and out of bed or a chair or eating

Answer 200

IADLs: tasks necessary to conduct a business of daily life, and also requiring some cognitive confidence such as telephonic, shopping, food, preparation, housekeeping, and paying bills

Answer 201

cloudy areas in the lens, resulting in foggy vision and without surgery eventual blindness

Answer 202

when light sensitive cells on the macular or central region of the retina breakdown, older adult may develop this, and it causes central vision blurs and gradually is loss in vision

Answer 203

the immune system is more likely to malfunction by turning against normal body tissues

Answer 204

a condition in which breathing ceases for 10 seconds or longer resulting in many brief awakenings

Answer 205

or array of devices that permit people with disabilities to improve their functioning

Answer 206

ideally as life expectancy extends, we want the average period of diminished vigor before death, especially the number of months or years of ill health and suffering to decrease the public health goal is called compression of morbidity

Answer 207

another term for biological aging or genetically influenced declines that affect all members of our species and take place in the context of overall good health

Answer 208

declines due to hereditary defects and negative environmental influences

Answer 209

involves we functioning, diverse organs and body systems, yielding symptoms that profoundly interfere with every day, confidence, unintentional, weight loss, self-reported, exhaustion, muscle weakness, slow, walking speed and low physical activity frailty leaves, older people highly vulnerable in the face of infection, extremely hot or cold weather or injury

Answer 210

the most common type which involves deteriorating cartilage on the ends of bones of frequently used joints

Answer 211

involves the whole body in autoimmune response, leads to inflammation of connective tissue, particularly the membranes that line joints resulting in overall aching, inflammation and stiffness. Tissue in the cartilage tends to grow damaging surrounding ligaments, muscles, and bones. The result is deformed joints and often serious loss of mobility.

Answer 212

refers to a set of disorders, occurring almost entirely in old age, in which many aspects of thought and behavior are so impaired that every day activities are disrupted

Answer 213

the most common form of dementia in which structural and chemical brain deterioration is associated with gradual loss of many aspects of thought and behavior

Answer 214

a pure bundles of twisted threads that are the product of collapse, neural structures, and that contain abnormal forms of protein called tau

Answer 215

dense deposits of deteriorated, protein called amyloid, surrounded by clumps of dead, neurons, and glial cells develop

Answer 216

giving the aging brain greater tolerance for injury before it crosses a threshold into mental disability

Answer 217

a series of strokes leaves areas of dead brain cells producing step-by-step degeneration of mental ability with each step occurring abruptly after a stroke

Answer 218

the effects of Alzheimer disease are devastating not just to victims, but also to family members who provide care with or no outside assistance they call it a 36 hour day because of its constant demands. Family members who exceeded their caregiving capacity, suffer greatly in physical and mental health, and are at risk for early mortality, and the close relationship between caregiver and the suffering individual involving shared memories can heighten physical and psychological problems for the caregiver. Most communities offer interventions, but they need to be expanded and made more cost-effective interventions try to enhance the knowledge about the disease, caregiving challenges, and availability community resources. Many interventions teach caregivers every day problem strategies for managing the dependent person’s behavior along with techniques for dealing with their own negative thoughts and feelings, such as resentment about having to provide constant care respite at least twice a week for several hours improves physical and mental health for most caregivers by enabling them to maintain friendships engagement, enjoyable activities and sustainable balance life. It showed again and psychological well-being. In addition to the time away from the caregiving situation caregivers benefit from short periods of relief from the unrelenting demands of in-home care video of respite, which are videos that interact with the older adult who needs the caregiving provide time for the caregiver to take for themselves.

Answer 219

home like housing arrangements for older adult adults require more help than can be provided at home but less than is usually provided in nursing homes

Answer 220

narrowing their goals they select personally value activities to optimize or maximize returns from their diminishing energy. They also find ways to compensate for losses.

Answer 221

tasks which require controlled strategic processing - concious, on purpose

Answer 222

tasks, which do not require controlled strategic processing - unconcious

Answer 223

difficulty creating or retrieving links between pieces of information

Answer 224

very long-term episodic recall

Answer 225

among remote events recall most happened between ages 10 and 30 a period of heightened autobiographical memory

Answer 226

remembering to engage in planned actions in the future

Answer 227

when researchers ask people to describe wisdom most mentioned breath and depth of practical knowledge ability to reflect on and apply that knowledge in ways that make life more bearable and worthwhile emotional maturity, including the ability to listen patiently and empathetically and give sound advice and the altruistic form of creativity that involves contributing to humanity and enriching, others lives one group of researchers summed up the multiple cognitive and personality traits that make up wisdom as: expertise in the conduct of the meaning of life

Answer 228

interviews with professional actors revealed that most people don’t memorize lines as others may assume rather they break it down into something called beats, which are small gold directed chunks of dialogue and when actors recall this chain of goal lines become easier to remember, they say it’s more of living in the moment, focusing on communicating authentic, meaning through action and emotion and utterance while speaking verbatim lines. In a study, several adults were randomly assigned to either theater, arch training, singing lessons or no intervention control groups. Participants engaged in cognitively demanding acting exercises in the theater group. They showed greater gains on tests of working memory, capacity, word and prose, recall and verbal fluency problem-solving, which were still evident four months after the intervention ended. The theater training required highly effort for Intermodal processing, which may explain its cognitive benefits. It’s called for deeply processing verbal, meaning strongly, activates certain areas in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex in aging adults. The power of acting enhances human memory.

Answer 229

runs in families, but environmental factors becoming increasingly important after age 75 to 80

Answer 230

occurs throughout the cerebral cortex with greater shrinkage in the frontal lobes, especially the prefrontal cortex, and the corpus callosum the three bellum, and the hippocampus also lose neurons, the brain compensate by forming new synapsis and to a limited degree in generating new neurons the autonomic nervous system functions less well and releases more stress hormones

Answer 231

when making food less appealing touch sensitivity also deteriorates, particularly on the fingertips

Answer 232

of the cardiovascular and respiratory system systems become more apparent in adulthood, especially in lifelong smokers and people who have not reduced dietary fat or have extensive exposure to environmental pollutant exercise can slow cardiovascular, aging and facilitate respiratory functioning

Answer 233

white hair, wrinkled and saggy, skin age, spots and decreased height and weight become more noticeable mobility diminishes as muscle and bone, strength and joint flexibility decline

Answer 234

have stressful disorganized impact on older adults functioning whereas positive stereotypes, reduce stress and foster physical and mental competence

Answer 235

men continue to be more prone to fatal diseases and women to disabling conditions

Answer 236

increases in late life, but except for calcium and vitamin vitamin D. A daily vitamin mineral supplement is recommended only for those suffering from malnutrition exercise even when be gone and adulthood is a powerful health intervention.

Answer 237

especially am among women most married adults report continued regular sex enjoyment

Answer 238

to frailty in elderly but secondary aging declines due to hereditary defect and negative environmental influences, please a larger role

Answer 239

from unintentional injuries reaches an all-time high from each 65 and on largely due to motor vehicle collisions and falls, visual declines and slow reaction time often contribute

Answer 240

generally has an early onset and progresses rapidly about half of sporadic Alzheimer’s victims, have an abnormal gene that result in insulin deficiency linked to brain damage

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such as depression, side effects of medication and reactions to social isolation can be mistaken for dementia

Answer 242

increases with age, especially on explicit memory tasks which require controlled strategic processing recall of context, source and temporal order of episodic events, declines, automatic forms of memory

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involves coming to terms with one’s adult like adults who arrive at a sense of integrity, feel complete and satisfied with their achievements -

Answer 244

a theoretical concept describing a positive shift in mindset where older adults experience a sense of increased connection to the universe, a decreased focus on self, and a deeper understanding of life and death, often leading to a greater sense of peace and acceptance as they age

Answer 245

older adults tend to focus more on positive information and experiences compared to negative ones, meaning their perception is positively influenced by this tendency.

Answer 246

telling stories about people and events from their past reporting associated thoughts and feelings

Answer 247

Jack’s desire for a more fulfilling retirement group he noticed that outside is comfortable gated neighborhood where many people serving community needs as gardeners laborers, and fast food workers and a lake yet who lives in near poverty. Jack was overseeing a highly cost-effective operation involving 200 tired doctors nurses and lay volunteers to treat 6000 patients a year for this poverty neighborhood added years of longevity and health financial stability. Have granted is active opportunistic time of life to so many contemporary adults that some experts believe a new phase of adulthood has evolved the third age. First stage of childhood the second age is the adult period of earning and living and rearing child children and the third age is a time of personal fulfillment and the fourth age brings physical decline and need for care the third age as a time of self realization and high life satisfaction retirement is no longer a one age graded event instead of many older adults are building, hybrid lives, leaving career jobs to work at different jobs that utilize their skills and that they experience is more meaningful than the work they left Today donates to the global economy and volunteer work. Continue to participate in the workforce in large numbers make creative contributions, and give generously to their families throughout monetary support and other forms of help.

Answer 248

dependent behaviors are attended to immediately

Answer 249

independent behaviors are mostly ignored noticed how the sequences reinforced dependent behavior at the expense of independent behavior, regardless of the older person’s competencies

Answer 250

a good match between their abilities and the demands of the living environment, which promotes adaptive behavior and psychological well-being

Answer 251

self destructive acts are a form of suicide. US suicide among the very old largely accounted for by white men nearly 10 times as many US aging men as women take their own lives. Alaskan native deep respect for resilience on older adult adults to teach cultural traditions, strength, and self-esteem and social integration reduces suicide. When older people decide to die, they are especially determined to succeed many older adults like engage in indirect, self-destructive acts rarely classified as suicide, such as deciding not to go to a doctor when ill or refusing to eat or take prescribed medication two types of events, prompt suicide in late life, such as losses, but most stem from chronic and terminal illness that severely reduced physical functioning or cause intense pain. The chances of suicide or further elevated when a sick older person is socially, isolated, living alone or in a nursing home. Suicide rates are lower in European countries where older people more often live with their families. Warning sides include statements about dying, despondency, and sleep and appetite changes and the most effective treatment combines antidepressant medication with therapy so far these efforts benefit women more than men because women are more likely to tell professionals about high risk symptoms

Answer 252

most adults strive to maintain a personal system and identity, and a set of personality, dispositions interest, roles and skills that promote life satisfaction by ensuring consistency between their past and anticipated the future

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a theory that explains how people's motivation changes as they perceive their time horizons shrinking - they become more selective and focus on meaningful goals and activities

Answer 254

remaining in a familiar setting where they have control over there every day life - like living in their house but making it more adaptive, meaning installing bars and seats in shower

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an increasingly popular option which provide a variety of hotel support services, including meals and a common dining room, housekeeping, laundry services, transportation, assistance, and recreational activities

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offer a continuum of housing alternatives independent living residence is providing personal and health related services to accommodate older adults with physical and mental disabilities and full nursing home care for a large initial payment and additional monthly fees. Life care guarantees individuals changing needs will be met with in the same facility as the age

Answer 257

an influential model of changes in our social networks as we move through life

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people who are not intimate, but with whom they spend time occasionally such as group that needs for lunch, bridge or museum tours

Answer 259

adequate retirement, benefits, compelling leisure, interest, or family, pursuits, low commitment, declining health, spouse, retiring, and routine, boring job

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limited or no retirement benefits, few leisurely plans and interest, high work commitment, good health, spouse working, flexible, job demands, and work schedule, and a pleasant stimulating work environment

Answer 261

gains or maximized and losses, minimized enabling realization of individual potential

Answer 262

promoting retired adults, physical, and mental health and children’s academic success study: experience corpse is an innovative community based intergenerational intervention aimed at flowing, biological aging and enhancing the well-being of retired adults while also strengthening the academic success of kindergarten through third grade children. Teams are retired. Adults are placed in low income inner city schools for each volunteer to host at least 15 hours per week throughout the school year to help students identified by their teachers as in need of academic support schools were children received experience corpse, tutoring and mentoring showed higher end of your reading achievement and a reduction and disruptive class behavior relative to other schools with similar student bodies. Volunteers reported gains and physical activity and strength as controls reported declines. Participants indicated, fewer physical limitations and depressive symptoms relative to controls and enhance social support network and an increase the plasticity of brain region supporting the vital late life cognitive skills the high dose volunteer program on aging adult, physical, cognitive and social well-being while also improving children’s academic functioning in life success

Answer 263

for variety of negative life changes these events of less stress and depression in older than younger people when negative changes pile up they test older, adult coping resources, and social support, promotes physical health and psychological well-being, but excessive assistance or help that cannot be returned off, interferes with self efficacy and amplify psychological stress

Answer 264

living in nursing homes experience, extreme restriction of autonomy and low social interaction home nursing homes that achieve effective person environment, foster life well-being

Answer 265

brings greater stress than for younger people although older adults remarriage rates are low those who do not remarry enter into more stable relationships, increasingly older couples in new relationship, cohabitation or living apart together as a long-term alternative to marriage

Answer 266

at the hands of family members friends are professional caregivers risk factors include a dependent perpetrator victim, relationship, perpetrator, psychological disturbance history of violence and inadequate, institutional conditions. All forms of dermal treatment have profound lasting consequences on the victims, physical and mental health.

Answer 267

the Greek word agon means struggle here agonal refers to a rattled, breathing sound due to fluid buildup in the throat and to gaps and muscle spasms during the first moment in which regular heartbeat disintegrates

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a short interval follows in which heartbeat circulation, breathing, and brain functioning, but resuscitation is still possible

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the individual passes into permanent death

Answer 270

irreversible ation of all activity in the brain and the brain brainstem which controls reflexes

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in which the cerebral cortex no longer registered electrical activity, but the brainstem remained active

Answer 272

fear and apprehension of death

Answer 273

one that makes sense in terms of the individuals, living patterns and values, and at the same time, preserves or restored significant relationships and is as free of suffering as possible

Answer 274

not a place but a comprehensive program for support services for terminally, ill people and their families. It aims to provide a caring community sensitive to the dying person’s needs so patient and family members can prepare for death in a way that are satisfying to them.

Answer 275

that relieves pain and other symptoms, such as nausea, breathing difficulties, insomnia, and depression, rather than prolonging life

Answer 276

peter visits 82-year-old Stewart to play the harp and Stuart reports being transported to an idyllic place with water, children, and trees far from the tumors that will soon take his life. Peter is a specialist in music dermatology in emerging specialty in music therapy that focuses on providing palliative care to the dying to music induce his calmness and give solace to the dying their families and the caregivers music visuals have diverse benefits. Patient reported relaxation and psychological well-being and declined and emotional and physical symptoms that can reduce pain and dying patients because hearing typically functions longer than other senses.

Answer 277

a written statement of desired medical treatment should they become incurably ill

Answer 278

people specify the treatments they do or do not want in case of terminal illness, or other near death scenarios

Answer 279

authorize his appointment of another person, usually though not always a family member to make healthcare decisions on one’s behalf

Answer 280

an incurably ill patients request. A doctor provides a prescription for a lethal dose of drugs, which the patient self administered to end his or her life.

Answer 281

and a patient request a doctor actively takes the patient’s life in a painless way for the purpose of relieving suffering

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is the experience of losing a loved one by death

Answer 283

the culturally, specified expression of the belief, person’s thoughts and feelings

Answer 284

severe prolonged distress, depression, and lack of acceptance of the death that persists for years impairing, physical, and mental health

Answer 285

effective coping require requires people to oscillate between dealing with the emotional consequences of loss and attending to life changes which when handled successfully have restorative or healing effects

Answer 286

acknowledging that the loss is inevitable and preparing emotionally for it

Answer 287

a sense of loss without the opportunity to mourn publicly and benefit from other support

Answer 288

the ceremonies that commemorated Sophie‘s and Nicola’s death the first Jewish the second quaker we’re strikingly different. Announcing that a death had occurred, ensuring social support celebrating the life of the deceased and conveying a philosophy of the life after death. Jewish tradition emphasize his personal survival through giving life and care to others. Unlike other Christian groups Quakers give little attention to hope of having or fear of health focusing mainly on salvation by character working for peace, justice and loving community virtual cemeteries have arisen on the Internet.

Answer 289

is the study of death and dying which has expanded dramatically over the past three decades as a result of life-saving technologies. Death is long and drawn out for 3/4 of people many more than in times past of those who die suddenly 65 to 85% or victim of a heart attack attacks

Answer 290

must have some basic notions of biology and must be able to distinguish between dead, inanimate, unreal, and nonexistent most children attain a sophisticated grasp of death by the age of six gradually mastering sub concepts of non-functionality, finality universality, applicability and causation during the preschool years, cultural and religious teachings affect children’s understanding as to open honest discussions

Answer 291

can prolong inevitable, death, diminishing quality of life and personal dignity ending life sustaining treatment for terminally ill. Patient is widely accepted and practiced people can best ensure that their wishes will be followed by preparing in advance, medical directive or living well whereas the durable power of attorney for healthcare names, another person to make healthcare decisions on one’s behalf

Answer 292

or in close succession, may suffer from bereavement overload. Those at risk include aging adults individuals who have lost loved ones to public tragedies and people who have witnessed unexpected violent deaths.

Answer 293

has been integrated into training for students and practitioners and diverse fields and for hospice volunteers. It can also be found in adult education programs goals include promoting understanding of end of life, care, options and important social and ethical issues and how lifespan development interacts with death, dying, and bereavement.

Answer 294

americans starting dealing with the dead on their own due to crazy funeral costs - the guy who wrote the article, experienced both an at home funeral and a paid for one 17 days apart when his kids grandfathers died. this man handled his father in law post death and prepared him to be buried - being around the dead body made him so much more comfortable and found solace in him departing - "It occurred to me that if more Americans spent more time with their dead—at least until the next morning—they would come away with a new respect for life, and possibly a larger view of the world."

Answer 295

Realistic - get their hands into, working with animals, plants, filling your hands in a way - mechanic, gardner Investigative - like to study and solve problems (math or science) value silence (notice that early on), precise and intellectual, and scientific - Academics, scientists, stem, chemistry, math Artistic - creative activity (lots of arts) drama, painting, dance, music, creative writing - arts and crafts - good abilities in one or more domains and value creative arts cross domain - actor, writer, artisan Social - do things that help people - enjoy being social, but are more interested in helping other people - nursing, social work, teaching, counseling - tend to be good at social problem, friendly and trustworthy, generally good at giving advice Enterprising - like to work with people, but like to influence and persuade others, manage and mead others, focused on financial gain - talented at organizing, good at delegating, money, power, and status (being in charge) Conventional - quite, careful very task oriented, not interested in forming hypothesis and experimenting but like to crunch data - bookkeepers and bank tellers

Answer 296

polyapry: documentary on voles: 1 spearces is very polyamorous, they have lots of sex with lots of partners and the other species pair bonds, and they found differences - researchers used a virus to supress soemthing in their brain to make them monogamous - shows how voles polyamory may be biologically wired

Answer 297

a two-dimensional map of erotic orientation showing four sexual orientation categories: homosexual, bisexual, asexual, and heterosexual. This model was proposed in 1979 by Michael Storms to address several inadequacies with the one-dimensional Kinsey scale.

Answer 298

Hookup culture is typically associated with the college environment, where students engage in casual sex often with little to no emotional involvement. The encounters can range from kissing to sexual intercourse but typically lack the commitment or long-term intentions associated with traditional romantic relationships. Research suggests that men tend to view hookups more positively and are more likely to initiate them, whereas women often experience more negative emotional consequences, including regret and a sense of disempowerment. However, the study also notes that women’s participation in hookup culture has increased over time, challenging traditional gender norms around sexuality. The authors discuss how media, social norms, and the influence of social networks (such as peers and social media) contribute to the normalization of casual sex. These factors can both promote and constrain behaviors associated with hookup culture. The study addresses concerns related to sexual health, including the increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in hookup culture due to inconsistent condom use. Additionally, the lack of emotional support or post-hookup communication can lead to feelings of isolation, particularly for individuals who may not feel aligned with the mainstream hookup culture.

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