test 3 Flashcards
Eoliths: what are they and are they artifacts?
Stone pebbles found in lower Pleistocene, initially thought to be human made artifacts but they are NOT (criteria being that its from natural fractures not human made)
Core
Result of stone tool creation usually flint chunk broken away into the core
hand axe
old stone tool, sharp thick rock used as a tool
Oldowan Industry
creation of stone tools using a chopper (another rock to make flakes)
Chaine Opératoire
chain of actions, gestures, and processes to make stone tools
refitting
taking left over shards and putting them back together to understand how a stone was struck
micro wear analysis
microscopic evidence of use
pyrotechnology
Intentional use of fire
temper
inclusions in pottery that act as a filler to give the clay strength to prevent cracking
faience
glass like material made in predynastic Egypt using powdered quartz and alkaline glaze
metallographic examination
technique used in the study of metallurgy involving microscopic analysis from a polished section of an artifact by etching into it
annealing
repeated process of hammering and heating copper and bronze into a desired shape and studied
slag
material residue of metalworking
alloying
mixing two or more metals to create a new one
filigree
ornamental work of fine wire (gold)
granulation
soldering grains of metal to a background
plating
bonding metals together
tuyre
ceramic blow tube used in ceramics
Pavel Pavel
figured out how people must have lifted heavy stones only using logs as a ramp, rope and people (easter island heads)
John and Bryony
proved that several different axes were used in the Bronze Age because of the marks left in trees
Hohokam vs Mimbres pottery
hohokam had minimal mistakes and aimed for perfection while mimbres had a lot more deviations and mistakes
What are the Leitch collieries named after?
the Leitch brothers
Leitch collieries: Tipple
ramp that helps coal get into train cars
Leitch collieries: Washery
tallest tower: fine coal washed and sorted to put in coke oven to reuse
Why did the Leitch collieries close?
World war 2 took most of the supply and after there was less of a demand
Characterization
application of techniques by which characteristic properties of the material of traded goods, to trace their source and origin
fall-off analysis
study of regularities in which quantities of traded items found in the archaeological record decline as the distance of source increases
induction
similar to optic emission spectrometry using a higher temperature and more accurate
interaction sphere
regional system of exchange
peer-polity interaction
full range of exchanges taking place. including imitation, emulation, competition, warfare, and the exchange of material goods and information
market exchange
mode of exchange that implies both a specific location for transactions and a social relation where bargaining can occur
sphere of exchange
in non market societies, valuable prestige goods and ordinary commodities were exchanged separately. valuables against valuables and commodities against commodities
kula ring
A system of ceremonial noncompetitive exchange practiced in Melanesia
neutron activation analysis
method of analysis of artifact composition based on the excitation of the nuclei of atoms
prestige goods
a term used to designate a limited range of exchange goods to which a society ascribes high value.
thin-section analysis
technique where microscopic thin sections are cut off a stone artifact and examined to find the source of material
primitive valuables
describes tokens of wealth and prestige, often specially valued items used in ceremonial exchange
world system
designate an economic unit articulated by trade networks extending far beyond the boundaries of individual political units
reciprocity
mode of exchange in which transactions take place between individuals who are systematically placed, exchanging as equals with no one dominant
redistribution
goods received or appropriated by a central authority
trend surface analysis
highlight main features of geographic distribution by smoothing over some of the local irregularities
Three modes of exchange
reciprocity (circles in circles) , redistribution (power in centre, arrows going out to others) , market exchange (market in the middle, people going to the market)
What did they Aztecs value most?
feathers
What did the conquistadors value most?
gold
what are carbon and oxygen isotopes good at sourcing?
marble
Baltic amber was most commonly found in:
Mycenaean period Greece
how is fall off analysis plotted
x axis: distance of source
y axis:quantities of material
David Braun
spoken of peer poliity interaction
emulation
artifacts are adopted by neighbouring communities
cognitive map
interpretive framework of the world that arguably exists in the human mind that affects actions, decisions and knowledge structures
mobiliary art
portable art: engravings on antler, bone, stone, ivory from the ice age
cult
study of material indication of patterned action based on religion
parietal art
art on walls, caves or large stone
iconography
artistic interpretation with overt religious meaning or emotional significance (ex: deities with specific symbols)
style
used to define certain artifacts based on form and decoration
cenote
ritual well from the Maya where artifacts are deposited in one place
megalithic yard
a hypothetical ancient unit of length equal to about 2.72 feet (0.83 m)
6 uses for symbols
- Writing
- location memory
3.measurement
4.mapping
5.money
6.power recognition
How long does paleolithic cave art span?
35,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE
How was writing-on-stone formed?
wind erosion creating hoodoos
two types of rock painting at writing-on-stone:
pictographs
-painted on rock
petrographs
-etched on rock
What program is used to uncover stone paint that we can no longer see?
Dstretch
Where is the source of big rock in Okotok?
Jasper, carried by glacial movement
Why was the Taber child controversial?
-they thought the child was 30,000 years old-it was not
-child was brought down by a mudslide
-it was actually 4000 years ago
alleles
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
DNA
material carrying hereditary instruction that determines the formation of living things
phenotype
the observable characteristics of an organism, such as its physical appearance, development, and behavior
brain endocasts
image of the inner surface of the cranium by pouring rubber into the skull. helps gauge size of early hominid brains
synotosis
fusion of adjacent bones by growth. Helps show what stage the bones are in (child, teen or adult)
demography
the study of processes that contribute to population structure
genes
basic unit of inheritance governed by specific sequence of DNA
genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism
radioimmunoassay
protein analysis where its possible to identify proteins in fossils thousands to millions of years old
macrofamily
group of language families showing similarities to suggest genetic relation
Can archaeologists excavate human remains?
Most often no but depends on law and experts on site
primary burial
initial burial
secondary burial
Body moved or altered from primary burial
How can we tell when Neanderthals could talk?
studying the neck hole on the skull to determine posture
What causes Harris lines to appear on bone?
periods of malnutrition causing the bones to stop growing
How could they tell they found Richard the 3rd?
-bones indicated in his 30s
-Scoliosis spine
-genetic analysis
-injuries
