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archaeology > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Eoliths: what are they and are they artifacts?

A

Stone pebbles found in lower Pleistocene, initially thought to be human made artifacts but they are NOT (criteria being that its from natural fractures not human made)

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2
Q

Core

A

Result of stone tool creation usually flint chunk broken away into the core

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3
Q

hand axe

A

old stone tool, sharp thick rock used as a tool

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4
Q

Oldowan Industry

A

creation of stone tools using a chopper (another rock to make flakes)

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5
Q

Chaine Opératoire

A

chain of actions, gestures, and processes to make stone tools

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6
Q

refitting

A

taking left over shards and putting them back together to understand how a stone was struck

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7
Q

micro wear analysis

A

microscopic evidence of use

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8
Q

pyrotechnology

A

Intentional use of fire

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9
Q

temper

A

inclusions in pottery that act as a filler to give the clay strength to prevent cracking

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10
Q

faience

A

glass like material made in predynastic Egypt using powdered quartz and alkaline glaze

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11
Q

metallographic examination

A

technique used in the study of metallurgy involving microscopic analysis from a polished section of an artifact by etching into it

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12
Q

annealing

A

repeated process of hammering and heating copper and bronze into a desired shape and studied

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13
Q

slag

A

material residue of metalworking

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14
Q

alloying

A

mixing two or more metals to create a new one

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15
Q

filigree

A

ornamental work of fine wire (gold)

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16
Q

granulation

A

soldering grains of metal to a background

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17
Q

plating

A

bonding metals together

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18
Q

tuyre

A

ceramic blow tube used in ceramics

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19
Q

Pavel Pavel

A

figured out how people must have lifted heavy stones only using logs as a ramp, rope and people (easter island heads)

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20
Q

John and Bryony

A

proved that several different axes were used in the Bronze Age because of the marks left in trees

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21
Q

Hohokam vs Mimbres pottery

A

hohokam had minimal mistakes and aimed for perfection while mimbres had a lot more deviations and mistakes

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22
Q

What are the Leitch collieries named after?

A

the Leitch brothers

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23
Q

Leitch collieries: Tipple

A

ramp that helps coal get into train cars

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24
Q

Leitch collieries: Washery

A

tallest tower: fine coal washed and sorted to put in coke oven to reuse

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25
Q

Why did the Leitch collieries close?

A

World war 2 took most of the supply and after there was less of a demand

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26
Q

Characterization

A

application of techniques by which characteristic properties of the material of traded goods, to trace their source and origin

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27
Q

fall-off analysis

A

study of regularities in which quantities of traded items found in the archaeological record decline as the distance of source increases

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28
Q

induction

A

similar to optic emission spectrometry using a higher temperature and more accurate

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29
Q

interaction sphere

A

regional system of exchange

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30
Q

peer-polity interaction

A

full range of exchanges taking place. including imitation, emulation, competition, warfare, and the exchange of material goods and information

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31
Q

market exchange

A

mode of exchange that implies both a specific location for transactions and a social relation where bargaining can occur

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32
Q

sphere of exchange

A

in non market societies, valuable prestige goods and ordinary commodities were exchanged separately. valuables against valuables and commodities against commodities

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33
Q

kula ring

A

A system of ceremonial noncompetitive exchange practiced in Melanesia

34
Q

neutron activation analysis

A

method of analysis of artifact composition based on the excitation of the nuclei of atoms

35
Q

prestige goods

A

a term used to designate a limited range of exchange goods to which a society ascribes high value.

36
Q

thin-section analysis

A

technique where microscopic thin sections are cut off a stone artifact and examined to find the source of material

37
Q

primitive valuables

A

describes tokens of wealth and prestige, often specially valued items used in ceremonial exchange

38
Q

world system

A

designate an economic unit articulated by trade networks extending far beyond the boundaries of individual political units

39
Q

reciprocity

A

mode of exchange in which transactions take place between individuals who are systematically placed, exchanging as equals with no one dominant

40
Q

redistribution

A

goods received or appropriated by a central authority

41
Q

trend surface analysis

A

highlight main features of geographic distribution by smoothing over some of the local irregularities

42
Q

Three modes of exchange

A

reciprocity (circles in circles) , redistribution (power in centre, arrows going out to others) , market exchange (market in the middle, people going to the market)

43
Q

What did they Aztecs value most?

A

feathers

44
Q

What did the conquistadors value most?

A

gold

45
Q

what are carbon and oxygen isotopes good at sourcing?

A

marble

46
Q

Baltic amber was most commonly found in:

A

Mycenaean period Greece

47
Q

how is fall off analysis plotted

A

x axis: distance of source
y axis:quantities of material

48
Q

David Braun

A

spoken of peer poliity interaction

49
Q

emulation

A

artifacts are adopted by neighbouring communities

50
Q

cognitive map

A

interpretive framework of the world that arguably exists in the human mind that affects actions, decisions and knowledge structures

51
Q

mobiliary art

A

portable art: engravings on antler, bone, stone, ivory from the ice age

52
Q

cult

A

study of material indication of patterned action based on religion

53
Q

parietal art

A

art on walls, caves or large stone

54
Q

iconography

A

artistic interpretation with overt religious meaning or emotional significance (ex: deities with specific symbols)

55
Q

style

A

used to define certain artifacts based on form and decoration

56
Q

cenote

A

ritual well from the Maya where artifacts are deposited in one place

57
Q

megalithic yard

A

a hypothetical ancient unit of length equal to about 2.72 feet (0.83 m)

58
Q

6 uses for symbols

A
  1. Writing
  2. location memory
    3.measurement
    4.mapping
    5.money
    6.power recognition
59
Q

How long does paleolithic cave art span?

A

35,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE

60
Q

How was writing-on-stone formed?

A

wind erosion creating hoodoos

61
Q

two types of rock painting at writing-on-stone:

A

pictographs
-painted on rock

petrographs
-etched on rock

62
Q

What program is used to uncover stone paint that we can no longer see?

A

Dstretch

63
Q

Where is the source of big rock in Okotok?

A

Jasper, carried by glacial movement

64
Q

Why was the Taber child controversial?

A

-they thought the child was 30,000 years old-it was not
-child was brought down by a mudslide
-it was actually 4000 years ago

65
Q

alleles

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

66
Q

DNA

A

material carrying hereditary instruction that determines the formation of living things

67
Q

phenotype

A

the observable characteristics of an organism, such as its physical appearance, development, and behavior

68
Q

brain endocasts

A

image of the inner surface of the cranium by pouring rubber into the skull. helps gauge size of early hominid brains

69
Q

synotosis

A

fusion of adjacent bones by growth. Helps show what stage the bones are in (child, teen or adult)

70
Q

demography

A

the study of processes that contribute to population structure

71
Q

genes

A

basic unit of inheritance governed by specific sequence of DNA

72
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

73
Q

radioimmunoassay

A

protein analysis where its possible to identify proteins in fossils thousands to millions of years old

74
Q

macrofamily

A

group of language families showing similarities to suggest genetic relation

75
Q

Can archaeologists excavate human remains?

A

Most often no but depends on law and experts on site

76
Q

primary burial

A

initial burial

77
Q

secondary burial

A

Body moved or altered from primary burial

78
Q

How can we tell when Neanderthals could talk?

A

studying the neck hole on the skull to determine posture

79
Q

What causes Harris lines to appear on bone?

A

periods of malnutrition causing the bones to stop growing

80
Q

How could they tell they found Richard the 3rd?

A

-bones indicated in his 30s
-Scoliosis spine
-genetic analysis
-injuries

archaeology (2 decks)

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