Test 3 Flashcards
The process that leads to sexual maturity or fertility is called
puberty
Prosocial behavior is associated with
fewer reported emotional problems
Sally has begun menstruation, which means she
can reproduce
At about ____ years of age, the 1st stage of puberty begins as androgens start to be secreted by the adrenal glands
6 to 8
Increased levels of ______ may signal the pituitary and sex glands to increase hormones in preparation for the beginning of puberty
leptin
Sex organs like ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the vagina are female ______ sex characteristics
primary
In males, broad shoulders are an example of _______ sex characteristics
secondary
Drug use is particularly harmful during the adolescent years because
the brain is growing rapidly
The influence of media on body image is most powerful when
it is embedded within music videos
Boys express the most satisfaction with
being average body weight
The time taken up by activities such as doing homework, texting friends, and surfing the Web is a primary reason why adolescents experience sleep
deprivation
Overweight adolescents tend to become
obese adults
Alexa’s parents notice that every time she eats, she runs to the bathroom. She has started a strict diet, and her mother found an empty box of laxatives in Alexa’s room. Alexa may have
bulimia nervosa
Consuming five or more alcoholic drinks on one occasion constitutes _______ drinking
binge
_____ is by far the most widely used illicit drug in the world
marijuana
In Piaget’s stage of formal operations, adolescents develop the capacity for ______ thought
abstract
Changes in the way adolescents process information reflects the maturation of the brain’s
frontal lobes
At age 17, Harper knows approximately ______ words
80,000
The first level of Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning is _____ morality
preconventional
The benefits of ______ parenting continue to affect achievement during adolescence
authoritative
Alex is in training to become a psychologist. He talks with a 17-year-old who has no clear ideas of what type of work he would like to do as an adult and no strong feelings about any kind of belief system. Alex can conclude that the 17-year-old’s identity formation lacks
commitment
According to Erikson, ______ forms as young people choose an occupation, adopt values to live by, and develop a satisfying sexual identity
identity
Successful resolution of the _____ leads to fidelity, according to Erikson
identity crisis
Based on Marcia, ______ refers to the process of actively grappling with what to believe and who to be
crisis
According to Erikson, identity is a coherent conception of the self, made up of goals, values, and
beliefs
Awareness of one’s own sexuality is an important part of
sexual identity
How people ______ and label themselves can change over time, as can the meaning of the identity labels used
self-identity
Being attracted to people of a different sex is identified as
heterosexuality
Sexual minority youth who do not successfully integrate their sexual identity into their _____ are at risk for anxiety, depression, or conduct problems
self-concept
Chlamydia and gonorrhea are sexually transmitted infections that are
treatable
Which of the following forms of birth control are most successful at preventing STIs
condoms
Parental neglect, early puberty, and poverty increase the risk of
early sexual activity
The most common sexually transmitted infection among adolescents is
HPV
As adolescents turn toward peers to fulfill many of their social needs, they
still look to parents for a secure base
Family conflict and emotional distance increase somewhat during adolescence, especially in ______ relationships
mother-daughter
An adolescent’s struggle for autonomy and personal identity is identified as
individuation
There is an increased risk of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents when they have
less parental monitoring
Perhaps the most important source of emotional support in adolescence comes from one’s
peers
Both adolescents and parents saw ______ issues as most subject to disclosure
prudential
Adolescent dating violence is a predictor of _____ in those who commit the violence
adult partner violence
The choice of antisocial peers is primarily affected by a teen’s
environment
The strength of social connections within a neighborhood and neighbors’ supervision of each other’s children is called collective
efficacy
Strategies to prevent delinquent behaviors should begin in
early childhood
Calla is self-supporting, makes independent decisions, and accepts that she is responsible for herself. Most people would consider Calla to be
an adult
Priya is focused on attaining holiness and seeks to maintain sanctity and purity in all that she does. Based on Shweder, she is showing the influence of the ethical system of
divinity
Which of the following may increase the risk of serious COVID-19 illness in young adults
obesity
Research on obesity indicates that this condition is most likely to develop during
adolescence
During emerging adulthood, the incidence of _____ peaks
drug use
Which of the following groups reports the highest percentage of heavy alcohol use
Native Americans
There has been a recent rise in the use of _____ and a decline in the use of ____ as contraceptive measures
the IUD; male sterilization
Worldwide, over two-thirds of people infected with HIV live in
Africa
For nearly 2 weeks each month, Kara experiences headaches, fatigue, food cravings, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. Kara likely has
premenstrual syndrome
The most common cause of infertility in men is
low sperm count
Annie is attending college and working hard in her physics class. This class will contribute to gains in Annie’s _______ thinking
reflective
A cognitive stage that emerges in adulthood and combines logic and emotion is called
postformal thought
According to ______ theory, intelligence is comprised of three elements: componential, experiential, and contextual knowledge
Sternberg’s triarchic
According to Kohlberg, being exposed to conflicting values and being responsible for others’ welfare are two experiences that lead to ________ morality
postconventional
When Minki is faced with a moral dilemma, he is expected to discuss it openly, to be guided by his community’s standards, and to try and find a resolution to his problem that will please as many people as possible. Minki is probably from
a collectivistic culture
A college course that mixes both online and classroom learning is called a(n) ______ class
hybrid
Research on cognitive growth at work indicates a reciprocal relationship between the ______ of work and a person’s flexibility in coping with cognitive demands
substantive complexity
According to Erikson, ______ occurs as faith in something larger than themselves
fidelity
Frida is a college freshman who lives at home with her parents. She takes courses that her parents suggest and works in a job they encouraged her to apply for. She does not seem to engage in active development of her identity. Based on Marcia, she is in ______ status
foreclosure
Due to a range of economic and cultural factors, the process of identity exploration for members of minority ethnic groups is often
shorter than that of their peers
Generally, sexual minority children 1st realize there is something different about them
in childhood
The resolution to Erikson’s stage of intimacy versus isolation is the virtue of
love
Events that typically happen at a certain time in a person’s life are called ________ life events
normative
Based on the typological approach, which of the following would show ego resiliency
someone showing adaptability under stress
Omar graduated from college at age 22, started his career at age 25, married at age 27, and is now the father of 2 young children. The sequence of experiences conforms to the social clock described in the ______ model
timing-of-events
Based on the timing-of-events model, people are usually very aware of their timing on life events and
the social clock
Research seeking to complement and expand trait research by looking at personality as a functioning whole is called the _______ approach
typological
The number of friends and the amount of time spent with them usually ______ in the course of young adulthood
decreases
For young adults, friendships are often ______ than in either adolescence or later adulthood
less stable
Kathleen is in a romantic relationship and has made a conscious decision to love and stay with her partner despite a number of challenges that they face. This is an example of the _____ element of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love
commitment
Scott and Arlin are a married gay couple. Compared to heterosexual couples, Scott and Arlin
are more likely to negotiate and balance household chores
In the United States, _______ is often viewed as a stepping stone to marriage
cohabitation
Estimates are that approximately _____ percent of marriage experience infidelity
20-25
Which woman is most likely to give birth at the youngest age based on her ethnic and cultural background
Rhiannon, who is Native American
Based on research, which of the following roles is most demanding, especially for women, when children are young
parent
In what way is the United States different from every other industrialized country in its support for working parents
It lacks guaranteed paid leave for child care of self-care
The most frequently cited reasons for divorce are incompatibility and
a lack of emotional support
Research indicates that married couples who expose their children to continued parental conflict
do greater damage than couples who divorcejn llo
Foreclosure
commitment predetermined by political, social, or religious affiliation
when an adolescent adopts parents’ or society’s roles and values
Identity diffusion
Role diffusion (confusion)
ambiguous belief systems, no vocational commitment
an adolescent does not seem to know or care what is their identity
Moratorium
period of exploration of alternatives
choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions
Identity achieved
adult like acceptance of social, religious, political, or vocational alternatives
you know who you are
Early adulthood
proposed transitional period between adolescence and adulthood commonly found in industrialized countries
Kohlberg’s Theory on Teens (Social Contract)
mutual benefit, reciprocity. Morally right and legally right are not always the same. Utilitarian rules that make life better for everyone
Secure attachment form (Young Adulthood)
easy to get close to others, comfortable depending on them/vice versa, don’t often worry about abandonment/getting too close
Avoidant attachment form (Young Adulthood)
somewhat uncomfortable being close to others, find it difficult to trust completely/depend on them, nervous when someone gets too close, love partners want to be more intimate than fell comfortable
Anxious/Ambivalent attachment form (Young Adulthood)
others are reluctant to get close, worry partner doesn’t really love them/won’t stay, want to merge completely with another person, this sometimes scares people away
Age of identity exploration (Erikson)
description of early adulthood
career choices, intimate relationships, foundation to adulthood
Age of instability (Arnett)
exploration generates uncertainty
Age of self focus (Arnett)
obligations more to themselves rather than others
Age of possibilities (Arnett)
optimism
social clock
a timetable based on social norms for accomplishing certain life events such as when to finish school, marry, start a career, have children, and retire
Sternberg’s 7 Forms of Love
liking, infatuation, empty love, romantic love, fatuous love, compassionate love, consummate love
3 levels of Sternberg’s forms of love
passion, intimacy, commitment
attachment related anxiety
the extent to which an adult worreis about whether their partner really loves them
attachment related avoidance
whether an adult can open up to others and whether they trust and feel they can depend on others
homogamy
marriage between individuals who tend to be similar with respect to such variables as attitude, interests, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and local origin
heterogamy
marriage between individuals who tend to be dissimilar variables as attitude, interests, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and local origin
minority stress
refers to stressors unique to a minority group
minority stressors
micro-aggression, violence, discrimination, harassment, and lack of approval from friends/family
coping
to invest own conscious effort, to solve personal and interpersonal problems, in order to try to master, minimize or tolerate stress and conflict
Avoidant coping
ignoring a problem, either literally forgetting or hiding it, is the worst way of coping- it increases depression and the risk of suicide
Problem-focused coping
attacking a stressor directly
Emotion-focused coping
changing emotional reactions
extrinsic
comes from the outside and involves praises and rewards
intrinsic
when you want to do something for the pure pleasure of doing it
Do you agree with the research that suggests adolescents are overall a lonely group of people? Does your personal experience support this
(my answer) I would say yes. I had lots of friends at this age but not anyone I was super close with or could genuinely rely on. I felt very alone during the last years of high school and definitely after graduation. I made 2 close friends a year after graduation and they are still my 2 closest people I can actually rely on
How have your beliefs about religion changed as you have aged?
(my answer) I grew up very religious - Christian, Southern Baptist. My grandpa is/has been a pastor my whole life. My father was a pastor until I was 6/7. I was required/forced to go to a church I didn’t want to attend. I lost interest in church around 17. I am not against religion or Christianity. I’ve come to believe God is not actively working on earth and I’m not sure if the Christian’s God is the God in reference. It’s very confusing to reassess what I’ve been taught.
How might the over sexulization of people in adolescence play out in early adulthood?
(my answer) over sexualizing could lead to behavior done out of expectance. Expectations set up what we should do. Also sexualization leading up to exploration of ourselves can be confusing once were actually out in the world
Under what circumstances would you have a relationship with another person who held significantly different views?
(my answer) I can have relationships with people with different views. It probably won’t be a close relationship. With close relationships I can agree to disagree. As long as it’s not something major like equality or racism. If its a romantic relationship I would need to be almost completely aligned. If we can agree to disagree and be open to hearing out different perspectives.
