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PSYC 201 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation refers to

A

Forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior

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2
Q

Motivation

A

Biological, emotional, cognitive or social forces

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3
Q

What are the three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation?

A

Activation, persistence, intensity

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4
Q

Instinct theories say that what behaviors motivate humans?

A

Inborn Behaviors, all behaviors are innate and genetically influenced

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5
Q

Drive theories say that what are motivators?

A

Biological needs, unmet biological needs drive behavior that will lead to drive reduction, homeostasis

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6
Q

Incentive theories say that what motivates?

A

Goal objects, posits behavior by “pull” or rewards, money or recognition

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7
Q

Arousal theory

A

People are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal. Bored vs. overstimulation

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8
Q

Sensation seeking

A

degree to which individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with activities

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9
Q

Humanistic theory says what is a motivator?

A

Human Potential, people are motivated to see their own potential

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10
Q

What is the Need to Belong?

A

Drive to form and maintain relationships characterized by mutual concern and caring

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11
Q

What is the Self-determination theory?

A

Optimal functioning can only occur when innate, psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are satisfied

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12
Q

What is the achievement goal theory?

A

Success is a motivator, mastery goals=growth mindset, performance goals=fixed mindset (individualistic vs collectivistic cultures)

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13
Q

Intrinsic motivation is the

A

motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding, more satisfying

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14
Q

Extrinsic motivation is

A

motivation to take actions that are not rewarding but may lead to a reward

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15
Q

Delayed gratification

A

Human species does well!

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16
Q

Over justification effect

A

Grades become more important than intrinsic motivation

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17
Q

Hunger and eating motivation

A

Hunger is a biological motive, but eating behavior is biological, social and psychological

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17
Q

Classical conditioning is

A

time of day at which you normally eat, conditioned stimulus, elicits reflexive internal physiological changes (conditioned response)

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17
Q

What is energy homeostasis?

A

Calories consumed = calories expended

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18
Q

Operant conditioning is a

A

Preference for certain tastes, sweet, salty, fatty

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18
Q

Why do we stop eatting?

A

Satiation (full feeling)

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19
Q

Sensory-specific satiety

A

Reduced desire to continue consuming a particular food, save room for dessert!`

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20
Q

bMR

A

When body is at rest, rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration

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21
Q

set-point theory

A

humans and other animals have an optimal body weight

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22
Q

Why do people become overweight?

A

Multiple genes can affect susceptibility to obesity, habitual intake of excess calories

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23
Q

Dopamine receptors and obesity

A

Obese individuals have fewer dopamine receptors than normal-weight individuals

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24
Q

Emotions

A

complex psychological states that serve many functions in human behavior and relationships

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25
Q

emotion

A

Complex psychological state that involves 3 distinct, but related, components

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26
Q

3 components of emotion

A

Cognitive, physiological, behavioral

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27
Q

Reason for emotion

A

Understand experiential, survival-related info, communicate and understand experiences of others

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28
Q

What does Darwin say about evolution and emotions?

A

Emotions reflect evolutionary adaptations to problems of survival and reproduction and inform others about our states

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29
Q

Basic emotions

A

fundamental set of emotion categories are innate, evolutionarily determined and culturally universal

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30
Q

Are facial expressions universal?

A

Yes, all cultures express same emotions, even blind adults/children

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31
Q

Deceptive expression

A

We can control at least to some degree, our expression of emotion,

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32
Q

Emotion intensification

A

exaggerating emotional expression

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33
Q

Deintensification

A

muting emotional expression

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34
Q

Masking

A

expressing one emotion while feeling another

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35
Q

neutralizing

A

no expression of emotion, poker face

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36
Q

Sincere emotions involve

A

Morphology, symmetry, durations, duration, temporal patterning

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37
Q

What is morphology?

A

The use of reliable emotions

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38
Q

Symmetry

A

Expressions tend to be more symmetrical

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39
Q

Duration

A

Last between a half second and 5 seconds

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40
Q

Temporal patterning

A

Appear and disappear smoothly

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41
Q

Neuroscience of emotion

A

Emotions are associated with patterns of responses by SNS and brain

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42
Q

Fear response

A

decrease in skin temp: cold feet

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43
Q

Anger response

A

increase in skin temp: hot under the collar

44
Q

What does a lie detector test detect?

A

Physiological changes associated with emotions

45
Q

Fear and the amygdala

A

Amygdala is part of the limbic system, activates when seeing threatening or fearful faces, also evaluates significance of stimuli

46
Q

How is emotional regulation developed?

A

With positive caregiver-infant interactions that foster understanding of emotions of others and responding with kindness

47
Q

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex behavior control

A

regulates amygdala, inhibits emotional response, decision making and self-control

48
Q

Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex

A

receives connections from hypothalamus, sensitive to how rewards inform decisions, regulates social behavior

49
Q

Dorsolateral prefontal cortex

A

executive functioning, oversees social cognition, close connections to orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus,

50
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

emotions arise from perception of body changes, (stimulus-> physiological and behavioral changes-> emotion experienced)

51
Q

Walter cannon theory of emotion

A

challenged James-Lange, body reactions are similar for many emotions, emotional rxn often faster

52
Q

Two-factor theory of emotion

A

emotion is interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive label that applied to explain arousal

53
Q

Cognitive Appraisal theory of emotion

A

emotions result from cognitive appraisal of a situation’s effect on personal well-being

54
Q

What is social psychology?

A

branch of psychology that studies how thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by presence of other people and by social and physical environment

55
Q

What is social cognition

A

mental processes people use to make sense of social environments

56
Q

Person perception

A

mental process we use to form judgements about other people

57
Q

Social norms

A

unwritten “rules” or expectations, for appropriate behavior

58
Q

Social categorization is..

A

Mental process of categorizing people into groups on the basis of shared characteristics

59
Q

Implicit personality theory is

A

Asssociating physical attractiveness with wide range of desirable characteristics, respect to faces (more intelligent, happy, and adjusted)

60
Q

Attribution

A

refers to the process of explaining your own behavior and behavior of others

61
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to spontaneously attribute behavior of others to personal, internal characteristics, not thinking about external/situational factors

62
Q

What is Hindsight bias?

A

Tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event

63
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A

Assumption that the world is fair, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

64
Q

What is blaming the victim?

A

tendency to blame innocent victim

65
Q

What is self-serving bias?

A

credit urself for success but blame failures on external circumstances

66
Q

What is attitude?

A

Learned tendency to evaluate objects, people or issues in a particular way

67
Q

What makes someone attractive?

A

Personal characteristics, warmth, trustworthiness, adventurousness, and social status

68
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

People seek ways to decrease discomfort caused by inconsistency

69
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Negative attitude towards people who belong within specific social group

70
Q

Natural cognitive process that facilitates simplification of social information

A

Social group Stereotyping

71
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

Cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often unrelated criteria that define group

72
Q

What is implicit attitude?

A

Evaluations that are automatic, unintentional and unconscious.

73
Q

What is the Robbers Cave Experiment?

A

groups of boys participated in competitive games, group rivalry stopped when they had to work tg for common goal, how group hostility could be overcome

74
Q

Conformity

A

adjusting opinions, judgement, or behavior so that it matches that of other people or norms of social group/situation

75
Q

Milgram’s original obedience experiment

A

group of male participants from various occupational and education levels volunteered to be in a study of learning, teachers shocked when students got incorrect answers, most complied

76
Q

What are factors that influence obedience?

A

Situation, context, repetition of task, experimenter’s behavior/reassurance,

77
Q

What is altruism?

A

Helping another person with no expectation of reward/benefit to self

78
Q

What is bystander Apathy?

A

Less likely to help if more people are present

79
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Tendency to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort, especially when individual efforts are difficult to observe

80
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

Tendency for other presence of other people to enhance performance

81
Q

Deindividuation

A

Reduction of inhibitions that occur when a person is part of a group whose members feel anonymous

82
Q

Example of deindividuation

A

Zimbardo Prison Study

83
Q

How do you define personality?

A

Defined as an individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving

84
Q

4 theoretical perspectives on personality

A

Psychoanalytic perspective, humanistic, social cognitive and trait

85
Q

Id structure of personality

A

Unconscious, irrational component, immediate satisfaction or urges and drives (pleasure principle)

86
Q

Ego structure of personality

A

Partly conscious, rational component of personality (regulates thoughts, behaviors, mediator between id and superego

87
Q

Superego

A

Partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality

88
Q

What are Ego Defense mechanisms?

A
  • Demands of the id or superego threaten to overwhelm ego, anxiety results
  • if realistic solution is not possible, ego may temporarily reduce anxiety by distorting perceptions of reality through ego defense mechanisms
89
Q

Oral stage of psychosexual stages

A

Birth - 1 yr (erogenous zone is mouth)

90
Q

Anal stage

A

1 yr - 3 yr, erogenous zone (bowel and bladder control)

91
Q

Phallic stage

A

3 - 6 yr (erogenous zone is genitals)

92
Q

latent stage

A

6 to puberty, libido inactive

93
Q

Genital stage

A

puberty to death (maturing sexual interests)

94
Q

Fixation

A

From unresolved developmental conflicts,

95
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

child’s unconscious sexual desire for opposite-sex parent

96
Q

What were the Neo-Freudians?

A

followed Freud, stressing that unconscious is important in early childhood. Disagreed with Freud about sexual urges motivating, personality is fundamentally determined by childhood experiences, departed from Freud’s generally pessimistic view

97
Q

What did Carl Jung think about Arhcetypes and Collective Unconscious?

A

people are motivated by more general psychic energy to achieve growth,

98
Q

What did Alfred Adler say about superiority and inferiority?

A

Fundamental motive to strive for superiority that arises from universal feelings of inferiority from childhood

99
Q

What is the humanistic perspective on personality?

A

viewpoint that emphasizes inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, self-concept, healthy personality development

100
Q

What is actualizing tendency?

A

Innate drive to maintain and enhance yourself

101
Q

Positive regard

A

Unconditional and conditional positive regard (parents will always love you, no matter success)

102
Q

Social Cognitive Perspective

A

emphasizes conscious, self-regulated behavior, and importance of situational influences

103
Q

What is the social cognitive theory?

A

Emphasizes importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive process, social experiences and self-efficacy beliefs

104
Q

What is Self-efficacy?

A

Beliefs that people have about their ability to meet demands of a specific situation (self-confidence)

105
Q

What is the trait perspective?

A

Relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.

106
Q

What is the five-factor model?

A

Personality based on Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

107
Q

Behavior genetics

A

field that studies effects of genes and heredity on behavior

108
Q

What are psychological tests?

A

Assess a person’s abilities, aptitudes, interests, or personality on basis of sample of behavior

109
Q

What is a projective test?

A

Personality test that involves person’s interpretation of ambiguous image to assess unconscious issues

110
Q

MMPI

A

Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory - self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics and psychological disorders

111
Q
A

PSYC 201 (3 decks)

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