Test 3 Flashcards
Motivation refers to
Forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior
Motivation
Biological, emotional, cognitive or social forces
What are the three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation?
Activation, persistence, intensity
Instinct theories say that what behaviors motivate humans?
Inborn Behaviors, all behaviors are innate and genetically influenced
Drive theories say that what are motivators?
Biological needs, unmet biological needs drive behavior that will lead to drive reduction, homeostasis
Incentive theories say that what motivates?
Goal objects, posits behavior by “pull” or rewards, money or recognition
Arousal theory
People are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal. Bored vs. overstimulation
Sensation seeking
degree to which individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with activities
Humanistic theory says what is a motivator?
Human Potential, people are motivated to see their own potential
What is the Need to Belong?
Drive to form and maintain relationships characterized by mutual concern and caring
What is the Self-determination theory?
Optimal functioning can only occur when innate, psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are satisfied
What is the achievement goal theory?
Success is a motivator, mastery goals=growth mindset, performance goals=fixed mindset (individualistic vs collectivistic cultures)
Intrinsic motivation is the
motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding, more satisfying
Extrinsic motivation is
motivation to take actions that are not rewarding but may lead to a reward
Delayed gratification
Human species does well!
Over justification effect
Grades become more important than intrinsic motivation
Hunger and eating motivation
Hunger is a biological motive, but eating behavior is biological, social and psychological
Classical conditioning is
time of day at which you normally eat, conditioned stimulus, elicits reflexive internal physiological changes (conditioned response)
What is energy homeostasis?
Calories consumed = calories expended
Operant conditioning is a
Preference for certain tastes, sweet, salty, fatty
Why do we stop eatting?
Satiation (full feeling)
Sensory-specific satiety
Reduced desire to continue consuming a particular food, save room for dessert!`
bMR
When body is at rest, rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration
set-point theory
humans and other animals have an optimal body weight
Why do people become overweight?
Multiple genes can affect susceptibility to obesity, habitual intake of excess calories
Dopamine receptors and obesity
Obese individuals have fewer dopamine receptors than normal-weight individuals
Emotions
complex psychological states that serve many functions in human behavior and relationships
emotion
Complex psychological state that involves 3 distinct, but related, components
3 components of emotion
Cognitive, physiological, behavioral
Reason for emotion
Understand experiential, survival-related info, communicate and understand experiences of others
What does Darwin say about evolution and emotions?
Emotions reflect evolutionary adaptations to problems of survival and reproduction and inform others about our states
Basic emotions
fundamental set of emotion categories are innate, evolutionarily determined and culturally universal
Are facial expressions universal?
Yes, all cultures express same emotions, even blind adults/children
Deceptive expression
We can control at least to some degree, our expression of emotion,
Emotion intensification
exaggerating emotional expression
Deintensification
muting emotional expression
Masking
expressing one emotion while feeling another
neutralizing
no expression of emotion, poker face
Sincere emotions involve
Morphology, symmetry, durations, duration, temporal patterning
What is morphology?
The use of reliable emotions
Symmetry
Expressions tend to be more symmetrical
Duration
Last between a half second and 5 seconds
Temporal patterning
Appear and disappear smoothly
Neuroscience of emotion
Emotions are associated with patterns of responses by SNS and brain
Fear response
decrease in skin temp: cold feet
Anger response
increase in skin temp: hot under the collar
What does a lie detector test detect?
Physiological changes associated with emotions
Fear and the amygdala
Amygdala is part of the limbic system, activates when seeing threatening or fearful faces, also evaluates significance of stimuli
How is emotional regulation developed?
With positive caregiver-infant interactions that foster understanding of emotions of others and responding with kindness
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex behavior control
regulates amygdala, inhibits emotional response, decision making and self-control
Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex
receives connections from hypothalamus, sensitive to how rewards inform decisions, regulates social behavior
Dorsolateral prefontal cortex
executive functioning, oversees social cognition, close connections to orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus,
James-Lange theory of emotion
emotions arise from perception of body changes, (stimulus-> physiological and behavioral changes-> emotion experienced)
Walter cannon theory of emotion
challenged James-Lange, body reactions are similar for many emotions, emotional rxn often faster
Two-factor theory of emotion
emotion is interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive label that applied to explain arousal
Cognitive Appraisal theory of emotion
emotions result from cognitive appraisal of a situation’s effect on personal well-being
What is social psychology?
branch of psychology that studies how thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by presence of other people and by social and physical environment
What is social cognition
mental processes people use to make sense of social environments
Person perception
mental process we use to form judgements about other people
Social norms
unwritten “rules” or expectations, for appropriate behavior
Social categorization is..
Mental process of categorizing people into groups on the basis of shared characteristics
Implicit personality theory is
Asssociating physical attractiveness with wide range of desirable characteristics, respect to faces (more intelligent, happy, and adjusted)
Attribution
refers to the process of explaining your own behavior and behavior of others
Fundamental attribution error
tendency to spontaneously attribute behavior of others to personal, internal characteristics, not thinking about external/situational factors
What is Hindsight bias?
Tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event
Just-world hypothesis
Assumption that the world is fair, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
What is blaming the victim?
tendency to blame innocent victim
What is self-serving bias?
credit urself for success but blame failures on external circumstances
What is attitude?
Learned tendency to evaluate objects, people or issues in a particular way
What makes someone attractive?
Personal characteristics, warmth, trustworthiness, adventurousness, and social status
What is cognitive dissonance?
People seek ways to decrease discomfort caused by inconsistency
What is prejudice?
Negative attitude towards people who belong within specific social group
Natural cognitive process that facilitates simplification of social information
Social group Stereotyping
What is a stereotype?
Cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often unrelated criteria that define group
What is implicit attitude?
Evaluations that are automatic, unintentional and unconscious.
What is the Robbers Cave Experiment?
groups of boys participated in competitive games, group rivalry stopped when they had to work tg for common goal, how group hostility could be overcome
Conformity
adjusting opinions, judgement, or behavior so that it matches that of other people or norms of social group/situation
Milgram’s original obedience experiment
group of male participants from various occupational and education levels volunteered to be in a study of learning, teachers shocked when students got incorrect answers, most complied
What are factors that influence obedience?
Situation, context, repetition of task, experimenter’s behavior/reassurance,
What is altruism?
Helping another person with no expectation of reward/benefit to self
What is bystander Apathy?
Less likely to help if more people are present
What is social loafing?
Tendency to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort, especially when individual efforts are difficult to observe
What is social facilitation?
Tendency for other presence of other people to enhance performance
Deindividuation
Reduction of inhibitions that occur when a person is part of a group whose members feel anonymous
Example of deindividuation
Zimbardo Prison Study
How do you define personality?
Defined as an individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
4 theoretical perspectives on personality
Psychoanalytic perspective, humanistic, social cognitive and trait
Id structure of personality
Unconscious, irrational component, immediate satisfaction or urges and drives (pleasure principle)
Ego structure of personality
Partly conscious, rational component of personality (regulates thoughts, behaviors, mediator between id and superego
Superego
Partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality
What are Ego Defense mechanisms?
- Demands of the id or superego threaten to overwhelm ego, anxiety results
- if realistic solution is not possible, ego may temporarily reduce anxiety by distorting perceptions of reality through ego defense mechanisms
Oral stage of psychosexual stages
Birth - 1 yr (erogenous zone is mouth)
Anal stage
1 yr - 3 yr, erogenous zone (bowel and bladder control)
Phallic stage
3 - 6 yr (erogenous zone is genitals)
latent stage
6 to puberty, libido inactive
Genital stage
puberty to death (maturing sexual interests)
Fixation
From unresolved developmental conflicts,
What is the Oedipus complex?
child’s unconscious sexual desire for opposite-sex parent
What were the Neo-Freudians?
followed Freud, stressing that unconscious is important in early childhood. Disagreed with Freud about sexual urges motivating, personality is fundamentally determined by childhood experiences, departed from Freud’s generally pessimistic view
What did Carl Jung think about Arhcetypes and Collective Unconscious?
people are motivated by more general psychic energy to achieve growth,
What did Alfred Adler say about superiority and inferiority?
Fundamental motive to strive for superiority that arises from universal feelings of inferiority from childhood
What is the humanistic perspective on personality?
viewpoint that emphasizes inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, self-concept, healthy personality development
What is actualizing tendency?
Innate drive to maintain and enhance yourself
Positive regard
Unconditional and conditional positive regard (parents will always love you, no matter success)
Social Cognitive Perspective
emphasizes conscious, self-regulated behavior, and importance of situational influences
What is the social cognitive theory?
Emphasizes importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive process, social experiences and self-efficacy beliefs
What is Self-efficacy?
Beliefs that people have about their ability to meet demands of a specific situation (self-confidence)
What is the trait perspective?
Relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.
What is the five-factor model?
Personality based on Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
Behavior genetics
field that studies effects of genes and heredity on behavior
What are psychological tests?
Assess a person’s abilities, aptitudes, interests, or personality on basis of sample of behavior
What is a projective test?
Personality test that involves person’s interpretation of ambiguous image to assess unconscious issues
MMPI
Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory - self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics and psychological disorders
