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PSYC221 - Social Psychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is personality?

A

When you describe something that is happening, or someome.

Indiviudal traits and characteristics

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2
Q

Phares, 1988 Definition

A

That pattern of characteristic thoughts, feeling, and behaviors that distinguishes oneperson from another and that persists over time and situations

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3
Q

Burger, 1997

A

Consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the indiviudal

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4
Q

When did personality become popular?

A

40s, 50s, 60s

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5
Q

How do we go about determining the nature of personality? What falls under the banner?

A

Survey them about emotional tendencies, and those around them.

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6
Q

How do we decide what goes into that, to actually ask people?

A

How someone will react to a scenario.

Open-ended, ask people to describe themselves

Observing people, what might we get out of that
- Looking at people’s behaviors
- How they treat other people

Different social group memberships

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7
Q

Alport defined social psychology

A
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8
Q

What can overlap in personality?

A

Punctual & Particular
Caring, Nice & Empathetic
Energetic & Enthusiastic

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9
Q

What is factor analysis

A

Suite of statistical tools that allow us to look at patterns underlying responses to things we’re interested in

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10
Q

Pythagoras

A

“Disposition follow bodily characteristics”

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11
Q

Hippocrates

A

The Pillars of Temperament
Wet x Dry x Hot x Cold

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12
Q

Wet x Hot = Blood
Wet x Cold = Phelgm
Dry x Hot = Yellow bile
Dry x Cold = Black bile

A
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13
Q

Galen with the Four Humors

A

Personality reults from balance of these four fluids (humors)

Blood - sanguine
Black bile - Melancholic
Yellow bile - Choleric
Phelgm - Phlegmatic

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14
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

FREUD

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15
Q

Humanism

A

MASLOW

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16
Q

Behaviourism

A

WATSON, SKINNER

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17
Q

Structuralism

A

WUNDT

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18
Q

Functionalism

A

JAMES

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19
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious psychological processes, and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality.

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20
Q

Core assumptions of the psychodynamic perspective

A

ASSUMPTION 1: Primary of the unconscious

ASSUMPTION 2: Critical importance of early experiences

ASSUMPTION 3: Psychic causality

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21
Q

Evolution of psychodynamic theory

A

Topographic Model

The psychosexual stage model

The structural model

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22
Q

Object relations theory

A

Contends that personality can be understood as reflecting the mental images of significant figures that we form early in life in response to interactions taking place within the family

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23
Q

Ego defenses

A

Mental strategies, rooted in the ego, that we manage anxiety.

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24
Q

Neuro-psychoanalysis

A

An integrative, interdisciplinary domain of inquiry seeking to integrate psychoanalytic and neuropsychological ideas and findings to enhance both areas of inquiry.

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25
Q

Primary of the unconscious

A

The hypothesis - supported by contemporary empirical research - that the vast majority of mental activity takes place outside conscious awareness

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26
Q

Psychic causality

A

The assumption that nothing in mental life happens by chance, that there is no such thing as random.

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27
Q

Psychosexual stage model

A

Probably the most controversial aspect of psychodynamic theory. (oral, anal, oedipal, latency, genital)

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28
Q

Structural Model

A

Developed to complement and extend the topographic model, the structural model of the mind posits (id, ego, superego)

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29
Q

Topographic model

A

Freud’s first model of the mind, which contended that the mind could be divided into three regions:

Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious

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30
Q

Wundt

A

Suggested that we could characterize the dimensions as strong vs. weak emotions.
Suggested that horizontal was something to do with changeable / unchangeable.

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31
Q

Francis Galton

A

Discovered correlation analysis.

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32
Q

Charles Spearman

A

IMPORTANT for intelligence
Described and developed the formula for calculating correlations that are non-parametric.

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33
Q

Gordon Alport

A

First textbook on psychology.

34
Q

Eysenck

A

Structure of personality;
Neuroticism
Extroversion
Psychoticism

Didn’t have a tool to test empirically.

35
Q

Raymond B. Cattell

A

Developed 16PF.
Worked with Neurosis

36
Q

Conscious

A

Things that are available right now

37
Q

Preconscious

A

memories, recollections, experiences that we have to think about

38
Q

Id

A

Initial set of identity, reaches for somethign without thinking.

39
Q

Ego

A

The ‘hand break’ for the ego

40
Q

Superego

A

Internalization of expectations that important others in society have of us.

41
Q

Triebe

A

Drives, instincts.

42
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

Repression: bury in the unconscious

Sublimation

Denial: not happening, haven’t dealt wiht symptom of distress

Reaction formation

Intellectualization

Projection

43
Q

Psychosexual stages of development

A

Oral stage (0-18 months)

Anal stage (18 months - 3 years)

Phallic stage (3 years - 6 years)

Latency stage (6 years - puberty)

Genital stage (post puberty)

44
Q

Oedipus complex

A

Boys realize that dad is in charge, he may worry about me competing for mum.

Competing for love of parents, fear of consequences if caught.

45
Q

Freud’s theory of humor

A

Jokes and their relation to the unconscious.
A way to laugh or externalize things that worry us

46
Q

Projective tests

A

Rorschach

47
Q

Critcisms of psychodynamic theory

A

It wasn’t revolutionary

It wasn’t testable

It’s not realistic that personality is fixed around by age 6

It overemphasis innate instincts and ignore culture and environment

Negative and pessimistic tone

48
Q

Carl Jung

A

The collective unconscious, primordial images and archetypes, extroversion

49
Q

Psychological ‘types’

A

Two basic attitudes, extraversion has become a major pillar.

50
Q

Four basic ‘functions’

A

Irrational (sensation, initiation) - reflecting perception

Rational (thinking, feeling) - reflecting reason and judgement

51
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Striving for superiority (“inferiority complexes”)
Parental influences, birth order

52
Q

Karen Horney

A

Neurosis
Moving towards people
Moving against people
Moving away from people

53
Q

Model of other x Model of self

A

Postive x Positive = SECURE: comfortable with intimacy and autonomy

Positive x Negaitve = PREOCCUPIED: with relationships, not sure they are worthy

Negative x Positive = DISMISSING of intimacy and counterdependence, cannot trust others to care

Negative x Negative = FEARFUL of intimacy and socially avoidant

54
Q

Erich Fromm

A

Escape from Freedom

Mechanisms of Escape
- Authoritarianism
- Destructiveness
- Automaton conformity

Positive freedom

55
Q

HUMANISM

A

Existential Philosophy
Often ofucses on resolving extistential anxiety; developing a mature approach to life, emphasizing freedom to choose a life that has less emptiness, anxiety, boredom.

56
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Naturally good, happy, honest people.

57
Q

Assessing self-concepts: Q-sort

A

A forced-choice distribution task in which clients describe their real and ideal selves.
Sort attributes into piles for real self, and ideal self.
Rogers could then correlate the congruence over time, showing clients real and ideal selves correalted.

58
Q

Modern take on selves; E. Tory Higgins

A

Three selves
ACTUAL (how I am)
IDEAL (how I want to be)
OUGHT (who I think I should be)

59
Q

Actual + Ideal + Ought

A

= HAPPY

60
Q

Actual + Ideal

A

= DEPRESSED

61
Q

Actual + Ought

A

= ANXIOUS

62
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Considered an important figure.
Developed Hierarchy of needs:
1. Need for self actualization
2. Esteem needs
3. Belonging and love needs
4. Safety needs
5. Physiological needs

63
Q

Two basic motives for satisfaction

A

Deficiency (satisfaction upon attainment)
Growth needs (satisfaction through expression)

64
Q

Maslow studied psychologically happy people. They…

A

Accept themselves, and admit their weaknesses

Less bound to culural norms, they express themselves

Display self-actualizing creativity (enculturalization)

Peak experience

65
Q

Critcisms of Maslow

A

If it comes to free will, is there space for predicting behavior?
Poor definition of key concepts
Supportive research open up to criticism.

66
Q

The trait approach to personality
What kind of person are you?

A

Type - I’m an independent person

Trait - I’m studious, zealous, friendly

Seeks to identify types or traits that can be used to understand and predict behavior.

67
Q

Sheldon’s “Constitutional Psychology”

A

Endomorph - Slow moving, complacent

Mesomorph - Competitive, energetic

Ectomorphh - Self-conscious, restrained

68
Q

Problems with types

A

Assumes we all fit into oner personality category, and that the other categories are alike.

69
Q

Personality as Trait dimensions

A

Identify a trait that can be represented as different points on a continuum - people differ levels of this trait.

Measure enough people, typically find a normal distribution - some at extremes, most in the middle.

70
Q

Assumptions of personality

A
  1. Personality characteristics are relatively stable over time
  2. Personality characteristics show relative stability across situations
71
Q

What is a trait

A

A trait is a dimension of personality used to categorise people in terms of the extent to which they manifest a particular characteristic

72
Q

The Nomothetic approach

A

Identification, measurement and description of common traits across indiviudals

73
Q

The ideographic approach

A

Identification of the unique combination of traits that account for an indiviudals personality

74
Q

Hans Eysenck dimensional model of personality

A

Saying that people differ in ways in which they control their impulses.

Developed a personality measure, 3D, extroversion, introversion and neuroticism.

75
Q

Big Five (OCEAN) model

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)

76
Q

Personality criticisms

A

What do the factors actually mean? What is the role of language?

How many factors are correctly ‘named’?

Its theoretical - maybe they’ve arisen through adaptation, or have neurological substrates, but those are predictions that post-date the development of the strucutre.

77
Q

Pearson-Situation Debate RESPONSES

A

Claiming no consistency.
Aggregating data - reliability of behavioral measures.
Identification of relevant traits - Allport’s centrality
The importance of 10% of the variance

78
Q

Julian Rotter

A

Developed the idea that when things are paired together we associate them.
As well as the process of shaping

79
Q

Shaping

A

Shape behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that are similar to what we want.

80
Q

Behavioral tendency

A

= expectancy + reinforcement value

81
Q
A

PSYC221 - Social Psychology (2 decks)

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