Test 3 Flashcards
Antiseptic methods were first introduced by
Lord lister
the term vaccine was coined by
pasteur
Define the theory of spontaneous generation.
The theory of spontaneous generation suggested that living organisms could arise from non-living matter. For example, people believed that maggots could arise from rotting meat.
Which historical figure is famous for introducing hygienic practice into surgery?
Lord Lister. He introduced antiseptic techniques in surgery using carbolic acid to reduce infections
Which disease assisted Jenner in making the smallpox vaccine?
Cowpox.
In 1796, England
Jenner noticed that the milkmaids who contracted cowpox did not contract small pox.
He inoculated James Phipps
with fluid from milkmaid’s
cowpox pustule
He then exposed the boy to small pox and noticed that the boy was immune.
Describe how Fleming discovered penicillin?
In 1928, Fleming observed that a mold growing in his petri dishes was inhibiting the growth of a bacteria, staphyloccus aureus. This bacteria was identifies as penicillium notatum, and helped discover the first antibiotic.
What are the 4 postulates of Robert Koch?
The suspected microorganism is present in every case of the disease and absent from healthy animals.
One must isolate and grow the microorganism in pure culture.
Injection (infection) of a healthy host with the microorganism in pure cultures must cause disease.
One must be able to isolate the microorganism from the new host.
Who produced the first vaccine against rabies and anthrax
Louis pasteur
What are microbes
Microorganisms or microbes- these microscopic organisms are essential to life on earth. they are commonly called “germs, viruses, agents…” but not all cause disease and can be useful.
What is microbiology
Microbiology is the study of very small living organisms called microorganisms or microbes, these include bacteria, algea, protozoa, fungi, viruses, and helminths
Which is bigger, virus, bacteria, protozoa?
Protozoa are the largest, then bacteria, then viruses.
Name three ways by which bacteria are classified?
- Classification by shape
- Cell wall classification by gram stain
Gram positive: thicker cell wall
Gram negative: thinner cell wall - Classification by dependence on oxygen
Anaerobes: grow and survive in environment where there is no oxygen
Aerobes: dependence on oxygen
Name two ways by which bacteria cause disease
- Using cells for food: The bacteria break down healthy cells for food, destroying tissues
- Releasing toxins: The bacteria produce a toxin that is released into the bloodstream where it can disrupt normal activity and damage tissues
Name three differences between viruses and bacteria
Viruses – non living organisms, unaffected by antibiotics, they only reproduce inside living cells/by infecting other organisms, no cytoplasm.
Bacteria – they are prokaryotic, contains a rigid cell wall, cytoplasm and ribosomes, affected by antibiotics, reproduce through binary fission.
Give examples of a fungi, protozoa, and helminth
Fungi – Candia, molds, yeast, mushrooms, penicillium, tinea
Protozoa – plasmodium which causes malaria
Helminth – worms eg tapeworm, hookworm, flatworm, round worm
Which helminth enters through walking on infected soil?
Hookworm
What colour are Gram-negative bacteria?
Red/pink because they do not retain the crystal violet dye but do take up the red.
What are the basic shape classifications of bacteria?
Rods: bacilli
Spiral: spirilla
Round: cocci
