Test 3 Flashcards
What % of Canadians live in urban areas close to the U.S border?
81%
What is Canada’s only official bilingual province?
New Brunswick
How many ethnic origins are there in Canada?
250
What 2 factors may predict ethnic identity retention?
low English proficiency & age of immigration
What % of Canadians are foreign-born?
31%
3 classes that immigrants can enter Canada + definitions
- Economic class: being accepted into Canada because you have the skills or the financial means to stimulate the Canadian economy or can readily fit into the labor market due to age, education level, or knowledge of Canada’s languages
- Family class: being accepted into Canada by being sponsored by a family member
- Humanitarian class: being accepted into Canada based on international events
7 Factors that influence the age at which one retires
- age is negatively correlated with employment
- gender & marital status with females more like likely to retire earlier
- having another family member with positive earnings increases the probability of continuing to work
- higher levels of education are more likely to delay retirement
- health
- financial factors
- fast technical change can influence early retirement
Which class are older immigrants most likely to be admitted under?
family class
Which class are the majority of immigrants admitted under?
economic class
4 challenges for older immigrants who live with their children
- shifts in family dynamics
- Might not be able to communicate with their grandchildren if they don’t speak the same language
- More likely to be socially isolated have have unmet social & emotional needs
- Increased risk for conflict between immigrants & their children
7 difficulties in determining the physical health of immigrants in Canada
- Studies fail to discriminate between immigrants who are born in Canada and those that are foreign-born
- Researchers tend to combine visible minority status into one group and ignore the cultural diversity within each group
- The measures used in studies rarely have a clear cross-cultural validation and have very small sample sizes
- There are differences in how different cultures define health
- There are differences in how different cultures use medicine
- Most studies fail to take the country of origin into consideration
- Stigma
3 determinants of physical & mental health
- Gender, income, social support, employment, & level of education
- Social & physical environment, personal health practices, and use of health services
- Experience of migration, perceived discrimination, & language difficulties
5 factors associated with good mental health
- Increased income
- A stronger sense of community belonging
- Shorter duration of residence in Canada
- Older age
- Gainful employment
5 Challenges to Accessing Services for Older-Adult Immigrants
- Financial & language difficulties
- Discrimination & negative attitudes of service providers
- Family conflicts
- Social isolation
- Reliance on family leads to feelings of powerlessness & lack of control
5 Barriers to Accessing Services for Older-Adult Immigrants
- Government policies
- Culturally inappropriate programs
- Lack of transportation
- Lack of language skills & opportunities to learn - English or French
- Not knowing about the availability of services or how to find resources
What is cultural competence?
having the knowledge & skills to manage cross-cultural relationships effectively
4 major components to cultural competence
- Awareness → of biases, stereotypes, and prejudices
- Attitude → willingness to work with people who are culturally different & to learn their culture
- Knowledge → of the culture & historical factors that influence culture
- Skills → to allow for extensive & appropriate training
What % of Indigenous peoples represent Canada?
5%
What do the majority of Indigenous peoples identify as?
First Nations
How many different Indigenous languages are there and groups?
70 languages that can be made into 12 groups
What are residential schools & how many were there in Canada?
they restricted children from practicing traditional values, ancestral culture, & language
130
What is intergenerational trauma?
the transmission of oppression and its negative consequences across generations
4 Difficulties With Research on Indigenous Peoples
- Most of the available research and data consider Indigenous peoples as one group & fail to take into account the differences among First Nations, Inuit, and Metis
- A failure to distinguish between urban, rural, & on- and off- reserve population
- Difficult to get information on reserves that are isolated because sometimes official birth & death records are not kept
- Hard to understand the health & social needs of Indigenous peoples due to lack of national & longitudinal data
Describe the history of work
Classical & medieval times:
- “Work is a curse”
- mainly meant for slaves
Pre-industrial age (16th-18th century):
- Protestant reformation & “protestant work ethic”
- Diligence, punctuality, deferred gratification, & primacy of work
Industrial age (17th-20th century):
- discipline & anonymity
- lack of autonomy & intellectual stimulation
World War II:
- increasing efforts to reward & motivate workers
Information Age (1970s):
- invention of the WWW
- greater self-expression & self-fulfillment
3 Major Changes in Labor Force
- The participation rate of women
- The Participation Rate of Older Adults
- The Impact of The Aging of Baby Boomers on Labor Force Participation
What are the reasons for the change in the participation rate of women in the labor force?
Due to changes in social norms (gender roles), the introduction of new technologies, and increased employment opportunities
5 reasons for the change in the participation rate of older adults in the labor force?
- Activity theory of aging
- Continuity theory
- We are living longer
- Older adults want to keep working
- Reasons seem to be split between choice, financial necessity & a purpose in life
What is the activity theory of aging?
argues that the more active & involved older adults are, the more satisfying their lives will be
What is the continuity theory of aging?
argues that adults adapt to old age by maintaining a degree of consistency with their earlier lives
What is the Overall dependency ratio & the formula?
it calculates the burden that old & young people place on the working-age population
of dependents (0 -19 yrs) + (65+) / for every 100 workers (19 - 64 yrs)
What does a A low dependency ratio equal & why?
= desirable because it means that are more adults of working age who can support the young & old adult populations
What does a A high dependency ratio equal & why?
= undesirable because it means those of working age & the overall economy face a greater burden in supporting both the young & aging population
What is the reason for the Impact of The Aging of Baby Boomers on Labor Force Participation
?
A higher percentage of retired people = lower tax revenues = negative affect in the government’s capacity to finance growth in public expenditures
6 common negative stereotypes about older workers compared to younger workers
- Poorer performers
- Less motivated
- Less willing to participate in training & career development → only one supported by empirical evidence
- Less trusting
- Less healthy
- Experience more work-family imbalance
4 myths & facts of older workers
Older workers are less productive
– Research shows that older adults want to stay relevant through continuous learning & making use of their abilities
Older workers are quick to retire
– Many older workers plan on staying connected to the workforce in some way when they retire from their primary career
Training older workers, who are likely to leave or retire, is not cost-effective
– Older workers tend to be loyal and are less likely to frequently change jobs
Older workers are less receptive to training
–Baby boomers prefer working in challenging environments where they can improve their skill sets and careers
3 OED Policy Recommendations & 3 examples for each
→ Rewarding work & later retirement
- Enhance incentives to continue working at an older age
- Restrict the use of publicly funded early-retirement schemes
- Discourage or further restrict mandatory retirement by employers
- Ensure access to welfare benefits
→ Encouraging employers to retain and hire older workers
- Address age discrimination
- Find a better match between the labor cost & the productivity of older workers
- Inspire social partners by reviewing their practices when setting pay
- Encourage employers to manage an age-diverse workforce
→ Promoting the employability of workers throughout their working lives
- Improve access to lifelong learning
- Improve working conditions & job quality at all ages
- Limit the impact of job loss by providing effective employment assistance
What is included in Canada’s Three-Pillar Pension System & what kind?
- The Canadian Pension Plan / Quebec Pension Plan → Public pension program
- Old Age Security (OAS) → Public Pension Program
- Personal Pensions & Investments → Private Pension Program
Who is eligible for The Canadian Pension Plan and what is the amount based on?
everyone who contributes is protected
amount depends on the age of the person when they started their pension, how much & for how long they contributed, and their average earnings throughout their working life
What is the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) and what is the amount based on?
A monthly, non-taxable benefit to OAS pension recipients
Payment is dependent on age (65+), place of residence (Canada), & other factors
Who is eligible for Old Age Security (OAS) and what is the amount based on?
Someone 65+ can receive
OAS even if they have never worked or are still working
Amount depends on how long you have lived in Canada after the age of 18
What are the 2 types of Personal Pensions & Investments and what is the amount based on for each?
Defined contribution pension plan
–> you and your company establish a set amount that you will contribute to your plan each year based on how much you earn
- amount is based on how well the plan is managed
Defined benefit pension plan
–> promises to pay you a set income upon your retirement
- amount is based on a formula, which is often based on your income and the number of years you worked
3 examples of Passive leisure activities
- watching television
- listening to the radio
- taking a pleasure drive
3 examples of Active leisure activities
- reading
- socializing
- physical recreation
Which leisure activities do people 35+ spend most of their time in? what is the exception?
spend more time in active leisure activities
men over 75 spend equal amount of time between active & passive leisure activities
