Test 3 Flashcards
what are the essentials to the richess of Earth?
minerals, ores and volatile elements
what was the reality of the economy related to space industry?
-planetary resources failed to raise funds
-focused on the religion of space rather than model
-no clients base = poor revenue
what is a chondrule?
tiny solid spheres formed in the gas cloud tht surrounded the sun
what does the presence of chondrules give?
give-away sign that the rock came from a protoplanet that is undifferentiated.
composed of primordial material of our solar system
what’s the difference between achondritic meteorites and asteroids?
-don’t contain chondrules –> come from a differentiated parent body
e.g; ceres and vesta are differentiated
-they also come from different parts of parent body
e.g; stony are from crust
iron meteorites come from core
stony-irons come from mantle core
what are the three types of asteroids?
- C-Type asteroids; dark and carbonaceous (75%)
- S-Type asteroids; rusty red and composed of iron and magnesium silicate
- M-Type asteroids; rich with metallic substances
what mission was psyche?
mission to a metal world
-explore origins of planetary cores
Metallic asteroid 16 psyche
which is the heaviest know M-Type asteroid?
16 Psyche
give facts about 16 psyche…
-90% Fe
-Most massive M-type asteroid (11th)
-only known ‘iron-world’
what are high value asteroid materials?
H,C,N,O
what is In Situ resource utilization?
it is to use what is available on Moon and mars for sustained presence/launching further
where was water found on Mars and Moon?
Mars: 2% in soil, polar ice caps, subsurface ice/water
Moon: shadowed craters near south pole
Oxygen used for breathing…
extract from minerals
mars 2020 MOXIE
Regolith was used for?
construction of bases, landing/launch pads
what are potential benefits of in situ?
-scientific exploration of Moon and mars
-reduce cost of space exploration missions, including space telescopes for astronomy
-human colonization of Moon ad mars
-technological innovations
-economic returns
what are the challenges of in situ?
-low-gravity on asteroids–>diffcult to land and secure spacecraft, machinery
-unknown resources –> CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION not well known
-little existing technologies
-expensive
-no space market … yet
what are they using as shelters from harsh environments on mars and moon?
lava tubes
what’s a lava tube?
caves that are carved by flowing lava that eventually drains out leaving subsurface void
what are the caves often form?
fluid, basaltic lava flowing down a slope i.e side of volcano
liquid lava runs out and then?
cools underneath the surface which forms the lava tube
what is a site that was thought to be a lava tube?
Marius Hills Hole
are lava tubes subsurface structures?
yes
why are lava tubes a problem?
very few instruments are capable of performing direct measurements of underground structures
what new technology are they modernizing
technology using radar
why are they using radar technology?
detect lava tubes from orbit based on their electromagnetic signatures
name 2 places where they are studying lava tubes on earth?
-spain; Corona
-cali; lava beds monument
what controls a planet’s surface temperature?
Greenhouse effect
what is the natural greenhouse effect?
-sun = solar radiation
-Re-radiated heat out of atmosphere
-Less re-emitted heat and more heat escape into space
what is human enhanced Greenhouse effect?
the difference from natural is that there is more re-emitted heat and less heat escapes into space
what does our atmosphere block and absorb?
block = UV radiation
absorb & re-emitting = IR radiation
give the order of our atmosphere… lowest to highest
1- troposphere
2-ozone layer
3-startosphere
4-mesosphere
5-thermosphere
what kind of atmosphere does Mars have?
thin atmosphere with almost all CO2 in ground
what kind of atmosphere does venus have?
Thick atmosphere containing 96% CO2
what type of atmosphere does Earth have?
0.03% of CO2 in atmosphere
78% Nitrogen
21% oxygen
what would Venus drop to in temperature without G.E?
-40 Venus (from 470)
-18 Earth
-55 Mars
Faint Young Sun Paradox
give facts…
-sun was 30% less luminous 4.6 Ga
-entire oceans should have been ice covered 4.6-2 Ga
BUT liquid water must have existed on earth’s surface since 3.7 Ga at least
what does the Faint young sun paradox make scientists think about?
that the Early Earth had to have a stronger greenhouse effect
what makes scientist thonk that the early Earth had a stronger greenhouse effect?
the fact that the sun was 30% dimmer but Earth still had liquid water, it should’ve been frozen but it wasn’t
what was the earlier greenhouse effect like for earth to have liquid water despite the su being fainter?
more CO2 - extensive volcanism, no plants (photosynthesis few)
Where is most of the CO2 today since it’s what kept this Earth warmer during F.Y.S.P?
locked away in lithosphere due to
-carbonate rocks (limestones)
-Fossil fuels (coal, oil..)
what did trapping CO2 bring?
weathering of silicates
CaSiO3 + CO@ = CaCO3 + SiO2
what is venus’ G.E?
water vapor = greenhouse gas
does venus have any plate tectonicss?
no because with no liquid water, no lubricant
also no liquid water = no silicate weathering
Venus accumulates in the atmosphere?
CO2 degasses from rocks at Higher temps –> goes to atmosphere
what do we call venus’ G.E?
Runaway G.E
the runaway G.E simply just means…
that CO2 plays a vial role in the circulation heating the planet up
why does Mars have less gravity to hang onto atmosphere?
because its smaller mass
why is Mars exposed to charged particles of solar wind?
magnetic field is shut down
how to scientist measure Mars’ climate history since its changed alot?
ratio or argon isotopes in upper atmosphere using NASA’s MAVEN mission
argon can only be removed by sputtering, what is that?
ions get “picked up” by solar wind and slammed into top of atmosphere knocking other atoms into space
Given F.Y.S.P how could Mars have been warmer back then?
warm for short periods of time
-Bursts of CH4 and H from volcanoes
-Impacts ?
why do we care about the Jezero crater?
had a carbonate Basin fill
-Used to be a filled lake
what was the fisr satellite to be sent and when?
1957 -Sputnik (USSR)
First human in space? date and name
Yuri Gagarin
1961
first humans on Moon?
1969
Apollo 11
when was Voyager 1 & 2 released?
1977
fist probe on Jupiter?
Galileo
1995
first soft landing on comet?
Rosetta
2014
first probe on Venus?
1975
Venera 7
first reusable space shuttle?
1981
international space station?
ISS
1988
when will the first humans be on mars?
ITS Mission 2020’s
Canada was the 3rd country to design and build an artificial satellite
september 29th 1962
Alouette 1
what research is going on the ISS?
-disease research
-muscle atrophy combat
-water purification
-growing food in microgravity
