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test 3 Flashcards

evolution, speciation,

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random changes in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events, especially in small populations.

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2
Q

natural selection

A
  • Involves differential reproductive success in the struggle for existence in an environment
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3
Q

Migration

A

The movement of individuals or groups of individuals from one population to another, which can lead to gene flow and genetic exchange between populations.

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4
Q

Gene flow

A

The transfer if genetic material (alleles) between populations through migration and interbreeding, which can homogenize the genetic makeup of populations.
*most nearly the same as migration.
* the migration of reproductive individuals between populations in a movement of alleles.

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5
Q

differential reproductive success

A

The phenomenon where individuals with certain traits produce more offspring that survive and reproduce compared to individuals with other traits, leading to changes in allele frequencies over time.

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6
Q

sexual selection

A

a type of natural selection that operates on traits related to mating success, often leading to the evolution of traits that enhance an individual’s ability to attract mates.

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7
Q

Fitness

A

depends, in part, on the environment in which an organism lives.

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8
Q

directional selection

A

a type of natural selection that favors individuals with phenotypes at one extreme of the range of variation, leading to a shift in the average phenotype of the population.

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9
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

A type of natural selection that favors individuals with intermediate phenotypes, reducing variation and maintaining the average phenotype of the population over time.
* human birth weight,
* cases of this decreases genetic variability in a population

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10
Q

disruptive selection

A

A type of natural selection that favors individuals with phenotypes at both extremes of the range of variation, leading to increased variation within the population.
*Occurs when individuals with extreme values of a trait have a higher fitness than individuals with intermediate values of the trait.
*U-shaped

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11
Q

homologous structures

A

structures in different species that are similar in form and function due to shared ancestry, indicating common evolutionary origins despite potential differences in function.

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12
Q

Vestigal structure

A

structures in organisms that have lost more or all of their original function through evolution, often retained as remnants of ancestral features.

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13
Q

convergent evolution

A

the independent evolution of similar traits or characteristics in distantly related species, often in response to similar selective pressures or environmental conditions, leading to analogous structures or phenotypic similarities.

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14
Q

miller and Urey

A
  • “How might small organic molecules containing carbon and hydrogen have formed when previously they were absent?”
    *Hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water vapor simulated earths atmosphere.
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15
Q

stage 1

A

formation of small molecules containing carbon and hydrogen

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16
Q

stage 2

A

formation of self-replicating information-containing molecules

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17
Q

stage 3

A

development of a membrane, which enabled metabolism and created the first cells

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18
Q

species

A

a fundamental unit of biological classification, compromising individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

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19
Q

biological species concept

A

defines a species as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring under natural conditions, proposed by Ernst Mayr.
* useful for describing plants and animals.
* falls short when determining when one species changed into another.

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20
Q

reproductive isolation

A

the condition in which members of different populations are unable to interbreed or produce fertile offspring, often leading to the formation of separate species.
*occurs when formerly interbreeding organisms are prevented from the production of fertile offspring.

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21
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

mechanisms that prevent mating or fertilization between organisms of different species before the formation of a zygote, including behavioral, ecological, temporal, and mechanical barriers.

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22
Q

post zygotic barriers

A

mechanisms that reduce the fitness or viability of hybrid offspring produced by mating between individuals of different species, including hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown.

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23
Q

species name

A

genus name followed by the specific epithet.

24
Q

taxonomic rank

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Specific epithet.

25
Q

Evolutionary tree

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (Protists, Plants, Fungi, and Animals)

26
Q

Ring species

A

A group of closely related populations that can interbreed with adjacent populations but are reproductively isolated from one another when geographically separated, forming a “ring” around a geographical barrier.

27
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Defines a species based on morphological characteristics such as physical appearance, size, shape, and other observable traits.

28
Q

Speciation

A

The process by which new species arise from existing species, often involving reproductive isolation and divergence of populations over time.

29
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Speciation that occurs when populations of the same species become geographically isolated from one another, leading to reproductive isolation and the evolution of different species.

30
Q

sympatric speciation

A

Speciation that occurs when populations of the same species diverge into separate species within the same geographical area, often due to ecological or behavioral factors

31
Q

Polyploidy

A

a condition in which an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, often resulting from errors in cell division or hybridization between different species.

32
Q

speciation event

A

an event in which populations diverge and become reproductively isolated, leading to the formation of new species.

33
Q

node

A

common ancestor

34
Q

monophyletic tree

A

a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants, forming a single branch on a phylogenetic tree.

35
Q

covergent evolution

A

the process by which unrelated or distantly related organisms evolve similar traits or characteristics independently in response to similar environmental pressures or ecological niches.

36
Q

analogous structure/ trait

A

structures or traits in different species that have similar functions but evolved independently, typically due to convergent evolution, rather than ancestry.
* flying mammal and flying insect.

37
Q

homologous structure trait

A

structures or traits in different species that are similar in form and functions due to shared ancestry, despite potentially having different functions in modern organisms.
* human arm and bat wing.

38
Q

divergent evolution

A

the process by which closely related species evolved different traits or characteristics due to different environmental pressures or ecological niches, leading to the divergence of their evolutionary paths.

39
Q

microevolution

A

changes in the allele frequencies and traits within a population over relatively short periods of time, typically observed within a single species.

40
Q

macroevolution

A

evolutionary changes that occur over long periods of time and involve the origin of new species, evolutionary innovations, and major evolutionary transitions.

41
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

a theory proposing that evolutionary changes occur in bursts of rapid speciation interspersed with long periods of little change or stasis, contrasted with the gradualism model of evolution
*challenges consistent change and gradualism in Darwin’s theory of evolution.

42
Q

adaptive radiation

A

the rapid diversification of a lineage into multiple new species, often occurring when organisms colonize new habits or ecological niches with diverse selection pressures.
* a population of birds becomes stranded on an island archipelago.

43
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

the transfer of genetic material between different species or organisms that are not parent and offspring, occurring through mechanisms such as conjugation, transduction, or transformation

44
Q

artificial selection

A

*requires human intervention.

45
Q

artificial directional selection

A
  • the breeder of thoroughbreds selects only the fastest horses for breeding stocks.
46
Q

natural selection

A

*does not require human intervention.
* must possess inheritable variation.
* environments can change more quickly than natural selection can adapt organisms in a population.

47
Q

background extinction

A

the causes vary over time.

48
Q

extinction

A
  • always occurring naturally.
49
Q

fossil

A

any preserved remnant or trace of an organism from the past.
* only form under a very specific and rare set of environmental conditions.

50
Q

p

A

allele frequency of dominant
p/total

51
Q

q

A

allele frequency of recessive
q/total

52
Q

2pq

A

heterozygous

53
Q

p^2

A

homozygous dominant (individual organisms)

54
Q

q^2

A

homozygous recessive (individual organisms)

55
Q

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

A

homozygous dominant + heterozygous + homozygous recessive = 1

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