Test 3

Question 1

Ethics

Answer 1

A set of moral principles that provides guidelines for our
behavior

Question 2

which philosopher is the deontological ethical approach associated with?

Answer 2

Immanuel Kant

Question 3

What are the two basic principles that define deontological ethics

Answer 3

duties that ought to be upheld and rights that ought to be protected

Question 4

Which ethical approach was used the basis for the establishment of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970?

Answer 4

assure for all Americans safe, healthful, productive, and aesthetically and culturally pleasing surroundings

Question 5

The idea that every form of life has intrinsic value was a declaration from this initiative established in 2000

Answer 5

Earth Charter

Question 6

utilitarianism definition

Answer 6

what is right by determining what actions would bring as much good (or as little harm) as possible

Question 7

anthropocentrism definition

Answer 7

Moral concerns are focused on the
interests of humans ex. World hunger,
future generations of humans

Question 8

Biocentrism Definition

Answer 8

where the interests of all living things are
considered ex. protect endangered species

Question 9

Ecocentrism definition

Answer 9

concerned with all the living and nonliving
components of ecosystems.

Question 10

Aldo Leopold

Answer 10

Ecocentric

Question 11

Gifford Pinchot -

Answer 11

Anthropocentric

Question 12

John Muir

Answer 12

ecocentric

Question 13

Who Cofounded the Sierra club

Answer 13

John Muir

Question 14

first head of the U.S. Forest Service

Answer 14

Gifford Pinchot

Question 15

Who wrote , A Sand County Almanac

Answer 15

Aldo Leopold

Question 16

True or false: Goods that have negative externalities associated with them are typically underproduced

Answer 16

False they are overproduced

Question 17

What is growth referred to as

Answer 17

Neolithic Revolution

Question 18

when are where did the domestication of wheat, corn, and rice

Answer 18

10,000 years ago in Southeastern china and Asia

Question 19

In 1804 we crossed an important threshold of ____ people

Answer 19

1 billion

Question 20

The climate began to cool on the planet around 1280, known as the “little ice age”. This is a likely cause of

Answer 20

Climate began to cool

Question 21

Which actions did the Rapanui take on Easter Island that, in addition to changes in weather patterns and European explorer related-issues, resulted in their downfall?

Answer 21

Disease from European explores in 1722

Question 22

Name the 3 specific factors associated with the empowerment of women that the United Nations predict will significantly affect how the human population will change by the end of the century

Answer 22

birth control , education and employment

Question 23

Which specific outcomes have studies linked to an increased empowerment of women?

Answer 23

Lower fertility, age at first birth increases, longer intervals between births, lower rates of unexpected pregnancy

Question 24

Which specific outcomes are linked to women completing a secondary education?

Answer 24

Have children later, use birth control, work &earn more, invest more in children

Question 25

Demographer

Answer 25

Social scientists who studies the characteristics and consequences of human population growth

Question 26

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Answer 26

The average number of children a women would have in her reproductive years in a given population

Question 27

Why could using the TFR instead of the crude birth rate provide a better estimate of how populations may change?

Answer 27

TFR is not influenced by population age structure (its calculated based on women reproductive age)

Question 28

replacement fertility

Answer 28

A TFR of 2.1 children which is the rate at which a population does not grow or decline

Question 29

Advances in which two factors could help us increase the carrying capacity of Earth for humans?

Answer 29

Health and agricultural

Question 30

Why might it be difficult for us to estimate the carrying capacity of Earth for humans?

Answer 30

Lifestyle, Resource use and impacts of future generations

Question 31

How many humans are projected to live on the planet in 2100?

Answer 31

10 billion

Question 32

Why might it be difficult to raise a TFR for a country once it has fallen below the replacement level?

Answer 32

Lower TFR levels typically associated with higher standard of living and more investment per child

Question 33

Demographic Transition

Answer 33

A decrease in the birth and death rates of a population linked to improvements of living conditions, birth control technologies, economic growth

Question 34

Each stabilization phase

Answer 34

1. Morality Transition 2. fertility transition 3. stability transition

Question 35

Demographic Window

Answer 35

Time when countries population is dominated by people of working age. less than 30 and 15 percent of the population is younger than 15 or older that 64

Question 36

___ & ___ created the environmental impact formula to connect populations to their consumption in the 1970s

Answer 36

John Holdern and Paul Ehrlich

Question 37

environmental impact formula and how each variable is measured

Answer 37

I = P x A x T (Affluence = grow domestic product) (Technology, total impact, technology)

Question 38

Agriculture

Answer 38

The process of cultivating plants and domesticating animals for consumption

Question 39

The carrying capacity of the planet for hunter-gatherer humans was ___

Answer 39

30 million

Question 40

What trait did humans select for in the wild relatives of wheat during its domestication process? Would this trait that was selected for be evolutionarily beneficial for these plants?

Answer 40

Modern wheat and its harder to harvest.

Question 41

___is the name of the wild relative of corn that was __over many generations to produce the corn we have today

Answer 41

Teosinte and selective breeding

Question 42

True or false:Animals used as a food source for humans were domesticated by humans before any others

Answer 42

False dogs were domesticated first

Question 43

What was the Green Revolution and who was responsible for kickstarting it?

Answer 43

Norman Borlaug: A large increase in crop production in developing countries

Question 44

Name the 4 specific factors responsible for increasing crop yields during the Green Revolution and be able to give an example of each

Answer 44

fertilizer, pesticides, high yield crop varieties.

Question 45

Pesticide resistance

Answer 45

A heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that results in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control

Question 46

Plasmid

Answer 46

A small circular DNA strand of bacterial or protozoal origin that can replicate independently of chromosomes

Question 47

Which agricultural practice is involved with erosion, leaching, and salinization?

Answer 47

Irrigation,

Question 48

Which 3 practices can be put into place to help restore soil health?

Answer 48

Minimal soil distribution, cover crops and Adopting complex crop rotations

Question 49

Environmental Hazards

Answer 49

Biological, chemical or physical factors in the environment that threaten the health of humans and living things

Question 50

What are the 3 main branches of environmental health?

Answer 50

Toxicology, epidemiology and public health

Question 51

Researched the outbreaks of Cholera in London in 1854

Answer 51

Dr John Snow

Question 52

True or false: All microorganisms are pathogenic for humans

Answer 52

false

Question 53

Infectious diseases cause around ___% of human deaths worldwide

Answer 53

25%

Question 54

What are 3 common respiratory diseases

Answer 54

Common cold, Influenza and Bronchitis

Question 55

what is the magnitude of the effect of respiratory diseases on humans across the world?

Answer 55

Each disease causes thousands of death per year

Question 56

Which continent had the highest percentage of its countries with high death rates from diarrheal diseases in 2019?

Answer 56

Asia

Question 57

Name the 3 most common blood-borne infections in the U.S.

Answer 57

Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B and HIV

Question 58

Where does Malaria primarily occur and how does it spread?

Answer 58

In tropical region and it is spread through mosquitos

Question 59

Can you tell me which waste stream processes are upstream and which are downstream?

Answer 59

upstream --> resource extraction and other material Downstream --> Landfill, litter and incineration

Question 60

Municipal Soils Waste (MSW)

Answer 60

Waste consumers dispose of from their households and businesses

Question 61

Why might the waste associated with a product be much higher than simply the physical weight of the product itself?

Answer 61

Upstream processes generate a massive amount of waste before it even reaches you

Question 62

True or False: Globally most of the trash we generate is placed in open dumps

Answer 62

True

Question 63

____ & ____ are two greenhouse gases that are produced as waste decomposes in open dumps

Answer 63

Methane and Carbon Dioxide

Question 64

Be knowledgeable on what leachate is, what it can contain, how it is formed

Answer 64

Foul smelling soupy liquid forms when rainwater or groundwater combines with waste, goes into soil and water

Question 65

where it moves, how it can affect environmental and public health, and its lifespan ( leachate)

Answer 65

Creates plumes and can effect people directly (through drinking water) and indirectly (through plants and other things harmed by the waste)

Question 66

What are the two main sources of city-based ocean waste and what effects can they have on either environmental or public health?

Answer 66

Sewage sludge (causes eutrophication depletes oxygen level in water) and dredge soils (contains heavy metals and waste)

Question 67

3 modern waste management strategies overall

Answer 67

isolation, incineration and conversion

Question 68

True or False: Incineration is the dominant disposal strategy in the U.S.

Answer 68

False it is isolation

Question 69

How do sanitary landfills deal with some of the key issues that open dumps have?

Answer 69

Infrastructure - drainage, treatment systems

Question 70

True or False: Landfills account for the largest human-generated source of methane gas at 37%

Answer 70

True

Question 71

True or False: Most of the waste stream in the United States is incinerated

Answer 71

False only 12%

Question 72

What could be done to mitigate some of the issues we see with incineration of our waste?

Answer 72

Storing waste prior to incineration, removing metal, glass, batteries

Question 73

True or False: We recycle more of our plastic MSW than we do our paper MSW here in the U.S.

Answer 73

False paper is recycled more

Question 74

True or False: In many developing countries, rapid urban growth is occurring in high density cities

Answer 74

true

Question 75

Infrastructure in suburbs requires (more/less) energy to construct while being less resource efficient than high-density urbanization

Answer 75

More energy

Question 76

Per capita energy use and greenhouse gas emissions may (decrease/increase) as urban density increases

Answer 76

Decrease

Question 77

Where does most of the plastic in the Great Pacific Garbage patch come from? Describe the relationship between the amount of plastic entering the ocean and the size of the plastic pieces present in the ocean

Answer 77

It mostly comes from land. the amount of plastic in the ocean is increasing while the average size of plastic pieces is decreasing