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Environmental Science > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ethics

A

A set of moral principles that provides guidelines for our
behavior

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2
Q

which philosopher is the deontological ethical approach associated with?

A

Immanuel Kant

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3
Q

What are the two basic principles that define deontological ethics

A

duties that ought to be upheld and rights that ought to be protected

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4
Q

Which ethical approach was used the basis for the establishment of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970?

A

assure for all Americans safe, healthful, productive, and aesthetically and culturally pleasing surroundings

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5
Q

The idea that every form of life has intrinsic value was a declaration from this initiative established in 2000

A

Earth Charter

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6
Q

utilitarianism definition

A

what is right by determining what actions would bring as much good (or as little harm) as possible

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7
Q

anthropocentrism definition

A

Moral concerns are focused on the
interests of humans ex. World hunger,
future generations of humans

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8
Q

Biocentrism Definition

A

where the interests of all living things are
considered ex. protect endangered species

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9
Q

Ecocentrism definition

A

concerned with all the living and nonliving
components of ecosystems.

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10
Q

Aldo Leopold

A

Ecocentric

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11
Q

Gifford Pinchot -

A

Anthropocentric

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12
Q

John Muir

A

ecocentric

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13
Q

Who Cofounded the Sierra club

A

John Muir

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14
Q

first head of the U.S. Forest Service

A

Gifford Pinchot

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15
Q

Who wrote , A Sand County Almanac

A

Aldo Leopold

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16
Q

True or false: Goods that have negative externalities associated with them are typically underproduced

A

False they are overproduced

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17
Q

What is growth referred to as

A

Neolithic Revolution

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18
Q

when are where did the domestication of wheat, corn, and rice

A

10,000 years ago in Southeastern china and Asia

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19
Q

In 1804 we crossed an important threshold of ____ people

A

1 billion

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20
Q

The climate began to cool on the planet around 1280, known as the “little ice age”. This is a likely cause of

A

Climate began to cool

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21
Q

Which actions did the Rapanui take on Easter Island that, in addition to changes in weather patterns and European explorer related-issues, resulted in their downfall?

A

Disease from European explores in 1722

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22
Q

Name the 3 specific factors associated with the empowerment of women that the United Nations predict will significantly affect how the human population will change by the end of the century

A

birth control , education and employment

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23
Q

Which specific outcomes have studies linked to an increased empowerment of women?

A

Lower fertility, age at first birth increases, longer intervals between births, lower rates of unexpected pregnancy

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24
Q

Which specific outcomes are linked to women completing a secondary education?

A

Have children later, use birth control, work &earn more, invest more in children

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25
Q

Demographer

A

Social scientists who studies the characteristics and consequences of human population growth

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26
Q

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

A

The average number of children a women would have in her reproductive years in a given population

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27
Q

Why could using the TFR instead of the crude birth rate provide a
better estimate of how populations may change?

A

TFR is not influenced by population age structure (its calculated based on women reproductive age)

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28
Q

replacement fertility

A

A TFR of 2.1 children which is the rate at which a population does not grow or decline

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29
Q

Advances in which two factors could help us increase the carrying capacity of Earth for humans?

A

Health and agricultural

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30
Q

Why might it be difficult for us to estimate the carrying capacity of Earth for humans?

A

Lifestyle, Resource use and impacts of future generations

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31
Q

How many humans are projected to live on the planet in 2100?

A

10 billion

32
Q

Why might it be difficult to raise a TFR for a country once it has fallen below the replacement level?

A

Lower TFR levels typically associated with higher standard of living and more investment per child

33
Q

Demographic Transition

A

A decrease in the birth and death rates of a population linked to improvements of living conditions, birth control technologies, economic growth

34
Q

Each stabilization phase

A
  1. Morality Transition 2. fertility transition 3. stability transition
35
Q

Demographic Window

A

Time when countries population is dominated by people of working age. less than 30 and 15 percent of the population is younger than 15 or older that 64

36
Q

___ & ___ created the environmental impact formula to connect populations to their consumption in the 1970s

A

John Holdern and Paul Ehrlich

37
Q

environmental impact formula and how each variable is measured

A

I = P x A x T (Affluence = grow domestic product) (Technology, total impact, technology)

38
Q

Agriculture

A

The process of cultivating plants and domesticating animals for consumption

39
Q

The carrying capacity of the planet for hunter-gatherer humans was ___

A

30 million

40
Q

What trait did humans select for in the wild relatives of wheat during its domestication process? Would this trait that was selected for be evolutionarily beneficial for these plants?

A

Modern wheat and its harder to harvest.

41
Q

___is the name of the wild relative of corn that was __over many generations to produce the corn we have today

A

Teosinte and selective breeding

42
Q

True or false:Animals used as a food source for humans were domesticated by humans before any others

A

False dogs were domesticated first

43
Q

What was the Green Revolution and who was responsible for kickstarting it?

A

Norman Borlaug: A large increase in crop production in developing countries

44
Q

Name the 4 specific factors responsible for increasing crop yields during the Green Revolution and be able to give an
example of each

A

fertilizer, pesticides, high yield crop varieties.

45
Q

Pesticide resistance

A

A heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that results in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control

46
Q

Plasmid

A

A small circular DNA strand of bacterial or protozoal origin that can replicate independently of chromosomes

47
Q

Which agricultural practice is involved with erosion, leaching, and salinization?

A

Irrigation,

48
Q

Which 3 practices can be put into place to help restore soil health?

A

Minimal soil distribution, cover crops and Adopting complex crop rotations

49
Q

Environmental Hazards

A

Biological, chemical or physical factors in the environment that threaten the health of humans and living things

50
Q

What are the 3 main branches of environmental health?

A

Toxicology, epidemiology and public health

51
Q

Researched the outbreaks of Cholera in London in 1854

A

Dr John Snow

52
Q

True or false: All microorganisms are pathogenic for humans

A

false

53
Q

Infectious diseases cause around ___% of human deaths worldwide

A

25%

54
Q

What are 3 common respiratory diseases

A

Common cold, Influenza and Bronchitis

55
Q

what is the magnitude of the effect of respiratory diseases on humans across
the world?

A

Each disease causes thousands of death per year

56
Q

Which continent had the highest percentage of its countries with high death rates from diarrheal diseases in 2019?

A

Asia

57
Q

Name the 3 most common blood-borne infections in the U.S.

A

Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B and HIV

58
Q

Where does Malaria primarily occur and how does it spread?

A

In tropical region and it is spread through mosquitos

59
Q

Can you tell me which waste stream processes are upstream and which are downstream?

A

upstream –> resource extraction and other material
Downstream –> Landfill, litter and incineration

60
Q

Municipal Soils Waste (MSW)

A

Waste consumers dispose of from their households and businesses

61
Q

Why might the waste associated with a product be much higher than simply the physical weight of the product itself?

A

Upstream processes generate a massive amount of waste before it even reaches you

62
Q

True or False: Globally most of the trash we generate is placed in open dumps

A

True

63
Q

____ & ____ are two greenhouse gases that are produced as
waste decomposes in open dumps

A

Methane and Carbon Dioxide

64
Q

Be knowledgeable on what leachate is, what it can contain, how it is formed

A

Foul smelling soupy liquid forms when rainwater or groundwater combines with waste, goes into soil and water

65
Q

where it moves, how it can affect environmental and public health, and its lifespan ( leachate)

A

Creates plumes and can effect people directly (through drinking water) and indirectly (through plants and other things harmed by the waste)

66
Q

What are the two main sources of city-based ocean waste and what effects can they have on either environmental or public health?

A

Sewage sludge (causes eutrophication depletes oxygen level in water) and dredge soils (contains heavy metals and waste)

67
Q

3 modern waste management
strategies overall

A

isolation, incineration and conversion

68
Q

True or False: Incineration is the dominant disposal strategy in the U.S.

A

False it is isolation

69
Q

How do sanitary landfills deal with some of the key issues that open dumps have?

A

Infrastructure - drainage, treatment systems

70
Q

True or False: Landfills account for the largest human-generated source of
methane gas at 37%

A

True

71
Q

True or False: Most of the waste stream in the United States is incinerated

A

False only 12%

72
Q

What could be done to mitigate some of the issues we see with incineration of our waste?

A

Storing waste prior to incineration, removing metal, glass, batteries

73
Q

True or False: We recycle more of our plastic MSW than we do our paper MSW
here in the U.S.

A

False paper is recycled more

74
Q

True or False: In many developing countries, rapid urban growth is occurring in high density cities

A

true

75
Q

Infrastructure in suburbs requires (more/less) energy to construct while being less resource efficient than high-density urbanization

A

More energy

76
Q

Per capita energy use and greenhouse gas emissions may (decrease/increase) as urban density increases

A

Decrease

77
Q

Where does most of the plastic in the Great Pacific Garbage patch come from? Describe the relationship between the
amount of plastic entering the ocean and the size of the plastic pieces present in the ocean

A

It mostly comes from land. the amount of plastic in the ocean is increasing while the average size of plastic pieces is decreasing

Environmental Science (1 decks)

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