Test 3 Flashcards
All chemical and physical processes by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules
Metabolism
_ measures a food’s caloric content
Calorimeter
_ - process of making large/complex molecules from small ones
Anabolism
_ - breakdown of large/complex molecules to small ones
Catabolism
Where is the potential energy of ATP located
How is it released
In the phosphate bonds
Break the bonds
Where is ATP produced
Mitohondria
Sequential clusters of chemical reactions occurring for a particular goal
Metabolic pathways
Water is released as a part of this anabolism process
Dehydration synthesis (Condensation)
Water is used to break down a large molecule
Hydrolysis
Addition of phosphate to a compound
Phosphorylation
When glucose is phosphorylated it can -
oxidize for energy or be stored as glycogen
Molecules exchange electrons (hydrogen) -
Oxidation reduction reaction
Oxidation reduction reaction results
Molecule donating is oxidized
(electron removed by oxygen)
Molecule acquiring is reduced
(electron gain makes it negative)
Non-proteins that enhance reations
Coenzymes
Minerals needed for enzyme activity
Cofactors
When glucose exceeds energy needed it is converted to __ and stored as _
Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Anaerobic reaction that nets 2 ATP
Final step in PYRUVATE production
Glycolysis
Triglycerides are broken down by LIPASE to yield glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Lipolysis
Bravo- oxidation
Oxidation of free fatty acids
Produces water, CO2 and ATP
What transports fatty acids for energy conversion
Albumin
What coenzyme helps with fatty acid breakdown
Carnitine
Fat catabolism produces
Ketones
Proteolysis
Dietary proteins digested into small peptides
Removal of amino acid from amine group to produce ammonia during starvation
Deamination
Ammonia is highly toxic but used as a source of _ during starvation
Nitrogen
Energy is stored as _ in LIMITED amounts and as _ in UNLIMITED amounts
Carbohydrate
Triglycerids (Fat)
Gluconeogenesis involves protein catabolism to produce
glucose
Production of fat from nonfat substances
Happens when things are consumed in excess and stored as acetyl CoA
Lipogenesis (de novo synthesis)
Primary anabolic hormone
Insulin
Glucagon epinephrine and cortisol are _ hormones
Catabolic
Signals cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
Insulin
Triggers breakdown of stored triglycerides, glycogen and body protein for energy
Glucagon, epi, cortisol
Anablolic state
Bloodstream enriched with glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
Excess stored as fat
Metabolic response to starvation
Glucose maintained for brain and RBC energy priority
Drop in activity, temp, resting metab rate
Fatty acids become main fuel
Disease is often dominated by
Catabolism
Primary metab by-product of alcohol oxidation is
acetyl CoA
Glycolysis is a biochemical pathway that generates
Energy
Glycolysis begins with _ and ends with _
Glucose
Pyruvic acid
_ mediate metabolic reactions
Enzymes
In the absence of _, pyruvate is converted to _
Oxygen
Lactic acid
In metabolism, glucose is degraded to CO2 and water. The CO2 is produced in the _
Tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA
The tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA is located in the
Mitochondria
The tricarboxylic acid cycle begins with
acetyl CoA
In metabolism, glucose is degraded to water and _
CO2
The conversion of pyruvate to _ is irreversble
acetyl-CoA
An acetyl-CoA molecule CAN be converted to
Fatty acids
Synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the _ of the cell
Cytosol
Breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the _ of the cell
Mitochondria
Shuttle service for fatty acids from cytosol to mitochondira
Carnitine
Abnormal fat accumulation in the liver stems from
Acetyl-CoA driven increase in fatty acid synthesis
Unique “side group” that remains after the amine group is REMOVED from a protein
Carbon Skeleton
Carbon skeleton can be converted to _ to form energy
Acetyl-CoA
Extra protein in stored as
Fat
After prolonged fasting the brain adapts to using _ for fuel
Ketones
What alcohol metabolic pathway is used with high consumptions
MEOS
Vitamins/minerals dont provide energy. They function as _ for generating it
Particularly important is Vit _
Coenzymes
B
Primary coenzymes
Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Vit B6
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
Secondary coenzymes
Folate Vit B12
_ is required for glucose metabolism and branch chain amino acids
Thiamin B1
_ assists in DNA and RNA synthesis of neurotransmitters
Thiamin B1
_ is involved in oxidation-reduction reactions in electron transport chian
Antioxidant
Riboflavin Vit B2
_ is required in oxidation-reduction of carbs proteins fats
comes from meat
Niacin B3
Group of 3 compounds
Involved in
Carb metab
Gluconeogenesis
Neurotransmitter synthesis
Immune function
Vit B6
_ can be toxic
nerve damage, skin lesions
Vit B6
_ is critical for DNA synthesis, embryo development
Folate
Cobalt center with ring structure
Essential for nerve function
Absorption requires INTRINSIC FACTOR
B12 cyanocobalamin
Essential for fatty acid metab and detoxification of drugs
Pantothenic acid
Fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis
Biotin
Vit like substance
Neurotransmission (acetylcholine)
Homocysteine metabolism
Choline
Thyroid hormone related
Regulates temp/metab
important for growth/reproduction
Iodine
Ioidine deficiency disorders
Cretinism
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism -
Graves
weight loss
tremors
^ hr
Hypothyroidism
cold intolerance
weight gain
fatigue
Assists insulin in glucose transport
Chromium
Part of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase
Manganese
Mineral
Component of thiamin and biotin
Required by liver for alcohol detox
Sulfur
Inadequate Vit B intake results in
low physical performance
Protein that accelerates chem reactions but is not altered or used up in the reaction
enzyme
B vits primarily act as
Coenzymes
Thiamin niacin and riboflavin work together to
release energy from carbs fats and proteins
First b vit discovered was
Thiamin
Thiamin deficiency that affects
cardio
musles
nerves
GI
Beriberi
Who is at greatest risk of thiamin and riboflavin deficiency
The elderly
Riboflavin is sensitive to
Light
Get opaque milk cartons
Niacin is necessary to prevent which disease
Pellagra
This B vit is important in transamination and making nonessential amino acids
B6
_ acts as coenzyme in metabolism of branch chain amino acids
B6
Skin flushing can result from excess
Niacin
B6 is important for metabolism of
Homocystine
Essential component of coenzyme A
Pantothenic acid
Protein in raw egg whites can bind to _ and prevent absorption
Biotin
Neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement and memory storage
Acetylcholine
Deficiency is rare for
Pantothenic acid
What B vit serves as a carrier for CO2
Biotin
Nutrient dense source of thiamin
Pork
Added to salt in US
iodine
Mineral that enhances insulin to transport glucose
Chromium
Elevated blood concentration and neurotoxicity were the criteria used to determine the UL for
Manganese
As part of thiamin pyrophosphate, thiamin plays a crit role in
breakdown of glucose for energy
