Test 3

Question 1

Explain the name “NEP”

Answer 1

New economic Policy

Question 2

Years of NEP and reasons for introduction of NEP

Answer 2

1921-1928, War communism and civil war crippled economy, rapid need for industrialization bc only communist country.

Question 3

Years of the industrialization debates and their historical significance

Answer 3

Members who did not receive support lost political position
1923-24 Defeat of Trotsky and left opp
1925-26 Defeat Kamenev, Zinoviev and united opp (joined by Trotsky)
1927-29 Defeat of Bukharin and right opp

Question 4

Results of NEP

Answer 4

Russia achieved pre war levels of economy by 1926

Question 5

Industrialization debates

Answer 5

Left vs Right opp. Get rid of nep or not, state vs market econ

Question 6

Grain crises

Answer 6

1927-28 and 1928-29, resulted from back-to-back bad harvests while the state increased grain procurement

Question 7

Nepmen

Answer 7

Russian capitalists/entrepreneurs, new bourgeois class

Question 8

Right opposition

Answer 8

Nep continues, fair equal exchange between urban and agricultural sector, criticized bc slow accumulation of capital, too capitalist, light industry

Question 9

Left opposition

Answer 9

Eliminate private sector, state controlled economy, directly invest in heavy industry, concentrate resources in state

Question 10

Trotsky

Answer 10

Leader of Left, Lost debates, removed from politburo and exiled

Question 11

Bukharin

Answer 11

Leader of right, member of politburo, NEP must continue

Question 12

Kamenev and Zinoviev

Answer 12

Leaders of United Opp, was in troika with stalin, broke with stalin to ally with trotsky

Question 13

Stalin

Answer 13

General secretary of Politburo (Controls personal files), first sided with right, then takes over left opp. leader of USSR by end of 1920’s

Question 14

Years of Stalin’s rule

Answer 14

1922-1953

Question 15

Industrialization debates and the end of NEP

Answer 15

1923-1929 industrial debates and struggle for power
1928 - Nep ends

Question 16

Years of the first Five-Year Plans

Answer 16

1ST-1928-1932
2nd – 1933-1937
3rd – 1938- 1941, ends in 1941 when Nazi’s invade

Question 17

Years of collectivization

Answer 17

1929- mid 30’s

Question 18

Mass famine

Answer 18

1932-33, back to back years of bad harvest and still takes, peasants did not receive rations, only laborers and urban areas, 3.5-7 mil deaths.

Question 19

Explain what caused the grain crises

Answer 19

Government wanted grain, forced peasants to give up grain, peasants retaliated by not planting as much, government still took grain, caused mass famine

Question 20

Give characteristics that make Soviet industrialization different from the Western type

Answer 20

o 1. It was very fast
o 2. State Centralized economy
o Focus on Heavy industry and military production
o Used forced labor - Gulags

Question 21

Collectivization: definition, causes, goals, methods of implementation, stages, short- and long-term results

Answer 21

Socioeconomic reform that replaced individual farms with collective farms, response to grain crisis, create system where peasants are producers, but not owners
1. Creation of Kolkhoz
2. Dekulakization
3. As much State procurement as possible

Question 22

Great terror: causes, goals, phases, results, controversy (totalitarian school vs. revisionists)

Answer 22

o No clear target, everyone under threat, including the military. Began dec. 1st 1934, Kirov shot in Leningrad
o 17th party congress, 300 votes against Stalin. Congress wanted Kirov to be leader instead of Stalin. Kirov (who refused) personified opposition
o Enemies everywhere, must cleanse the nation

Question 22

Famine: explain the controversy

Answer 22

Two interpretations
1. Holodomor – death from starvation, viewed as deliberate genocide against Ukrainians
2. Result of industrialization – no deliberate attack, industrialized too quickly

Question 23

cultural revolution

Answer 23

end of 1920’s to beginning of 1930’s, repressions against intelligentsia and spots filled with new members

Question 24

five-year plans

Answer 24

Stalin’s plan for rapid industrialization

Question 25

kolkhoz

Answer 25

collective farm

Question 26

sovkhoz

Answer 26

State farm

Question 27

kulak

Answer 27

Originally a wealthy peasant, in 30’s word was used to label those who opposed kolkhoz. Used to be class label, turned into political label

Question 27

dekulakization

Answer 27

repressions against peasants during stalins forced collectivization, entailed expropriation of peasants property followed by arrest, execution or exile

Question 28

GULAG

Answer 28

Labor camps created under Stalin. Means main admin of concentration camp.

Question 29

• “enemy of the people”

Answer 29

political label given by Stalin to anyone he wanted to purge

Question 30

Ezhovshchina

Answer 30

Period of mass repressions of 1937-38 named after the head of NKVD who headed the oppressions (scapegoated after)
o March 1937, call from Stalin for purges of local communists and ordinary citizens in the provinces

Question 31

Show trials

Answer 31

Aimed at Stalin’s rivals to settle scores. Why did they confess? – Torture, sleep deprivation, family members taken as hostages.
o January 1935 – Show trial accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of political and moral responsibility for Kirov’s assassination
o August 1936 – 16 party leaders accused including Kamenev and Zinoviev
o January 1937 – 17 party leaders accused, 13 shot
o March 1938 Last Great show trial, accused 21 party leaders including Bukharin

Question 32

Politburo

Answer 32

Highest political authority in USSR

Question 33

General Secretary of the Communist party

Answer 33

Bookkeeper and makes appointments, originally not powerful but Stalin turns it into the highest office

Question 34

NKVD

Answer 34

• Peoples Commissariat of internal affairs; political police, formerly OGPU

Question 35

Kirov

Answer 35

Politburo member whos assassinated Dec 1st 1934, triggers purge of Leningrad and great terror

Question 36

Ezhov

Answer 36

Head of NKVD, led mass repressions, arrested after end of terror. Replaced by Beria