Test 3 Flashcards
What is rulemaking
any decision an agency makes implementing a law or policy
What is the ACA
Administrative procedures act
What does the ACA say
- gives agencies the power to make rules
- outlines steps and procedures agencies must do to create a rule
what are some rules or procedures agencies must follow in the ACA
- must provide public notice of the rule change
- must allow the pubic to comment on the rules and take into consideration the feedback
what are the steps to the rulemaking process
- initiation (agency is told/decides to make a new rule)
- analysis and evaluation (internally drafts their own rule)
- notice of proposed rule (posts their proposed rule to the federal register)
- comment (allow people to comment of proposed rule)
- revision (agencies have to decide to make changes to the bill and specify if so/if not why?)
- promulgation of final rule (if no changes are made it becomes law)
- prepare for legal battle (if a rule is controversial they will prepare lawyers)
what is deck stacking
when congress can place certain interests (people) in places to affect rulemaking. EX: putting republican person on an important committee chair
how was worker motivation in the early 1900s
low. people were treated as robots and “a number”. mainly used financial incentives to make people work
what was the Hawthorne effect
when people behave differently when they know someone is watching them vs not watching them
what was the impact of the Hawthorne experiments
showed complex variables affected worker motivation and that workers are just as much social creatures (being treated as people) than economic creatures ( only being given financial incentives)
5 theories of motivation
- hygiene and motivation needs
- theory X and theory Y
- equity theory
- expectancy theory
- public service motivation theory
what does the hygiene and motivation theory say
workers are motivated on 2 different types of needs. Hygiene and motivational
what are hygiene needs
needs that provide dissatisfaction if they are not attended to. EX: temperature in a room (if satisfactory however won’t necessarily lead to motivation
what are motivational needs
needs you get from the intrinsic value they provide. EX: liking the job makes people motivated to keep doing it
what does job enrichment try to do
- meaning - like their work means something
- competence - employees have a feeling of self confidence
- impact- employees feel like their work influences success
what does theory X and theory Y say
theory X: people are lazy and lack ambitions and responsibility
theory Y: says people are energetic, selfless and seek responsibility
-If managers treat people based their personality human effort will increase
what does the equity theory say
people’s inputs to their jobs depends on the perceptions of fairness at their work.
EX; people believe their education is the reason their salary is higher compared to someone with lower education, if it isn’t there is an unfairness
what is underpaid equity
people who put in more work but get paid the same as someone who doesn’t
what is overpaid equity
people who put in less work but get paid the same as someone doing more
what is the expectancy theory
in order for people to work hard they have to think their work is going to be rewarded
3 parts to expectancy theory
- expectancy - the perception that effort will result in better performance. EX: studying or the test will get you a better grade
- instrumentality- the performance leads to better outcomes. EX: no matter what you do you will get the same grade on the exam
- valence - how desirable the outcome is for a person. EX: some people care about better grades than others
what does the public service motivation theory say
says public employees are motivated differently than private employees. EX: people become teachers because they love kids not because of the pay
what is performance management
a system that generates performance data to measure the performance of organizations, individuals, and departments
goals of performance managment
- allocative efficiency- since resources are scarce performance management makes sure they go to the right places
- accountability of government to the public- government performance is made more transparent
- accountability of bureaucrats to elected officials- elected officials are better able to monitor bureaucrats
- technical efficiency- managers learn more about their organizations and design strategies to improve performance
4 responses to performance management systems (4 P’s)
- purposeful
- passive
- political
- pervasive
what is the Purposeful response to performance management systems
people use data to improve performance via goal based learning that improves efficiency. EX: data driven dialogue in k-12 schools to see what students need to work on the most
what is the Passive response to performance management systems
people do the bare minimum to comply with the requirements but do not use the data. EX: agencies will not implement the new president’s policies to their best ability because they know a new one will be in office 4 years later
what is the Political response to performance management systems
people use performance data to help their efforts in the political world (people agree on data but disagree on meaning, agree on meaning but disagree on next steps)
what is the Pervasive response to performance management systems
people manipulate the data to engage in goal displacement. EX: people use the data to make themselves look better but hurt others (many different types)
different types of goal displacement
- effort substitution-reducing effort on non-measured things (teachers spending less time on music classes)
- cherry picking - focusing efforts on groups who will likely provide the impact on performance measures (leaving poorer kids out of schools since they will perform worse)
3.measure selection- selecting metrics to measure that will offer the most favorable portrayal (only showing good data points instead of all of them) - hiding numbers - declining to present performance numbers that may exist
- output distortion- manipulating measurement processes to improve performance (drive through workers telling people to pull through making them look like they are servicing them faster)
- rachet effects- curbing productivity in one quarter to avoid more challenging targets in another
- churning - frequently changing performance targets to prevent comparisons across time (standardized tests changed every couple years)
- cheating- simply making up numbers
what is a crisis
a situation where there is a perceived threat against the core values of a social system. EX: natural disasters, mass violence
what is a crisis management
the process which an organization deals with a crisis before, during , and after the crisis happens
components of crisis management
1.physical safety of people
2. communication to media and public
3.repair of damaged infrastructure
4.psychological stress and trauma
what is a wicked problem
a problem that has multiple factors influencing them
equation to risk
risk = probability x consequence (outcome)
