Test 3 Flashcards
What is the difference between insanity and a mental disorder?
Insanity is not knowing the difference between right and wrong and a mental disorder is a problems that has lasted for a long time and seriously affects an individuals ability to live a good functional life.
What are biological factors for mental disorder
Genetic factors that contribute to the development of mental disorders are unlearned or inherited tendencies that influence how a person thinks, behaves and feels
Neurological factors
What is cognitive-emotional-behavioural and environmental factors in mental disorders
Deficits in cognitive processes such as having unusual thoughts and beliefs such as: processing emotional stimuli such as under or overeating to emotional situations. Behavioural problem such as lacking social skills. Environmental challenges such as dealing with stressful situations
What is statistical frequency?
The statistical frequency approach says that a behavior may be considered abnormal if it occurs rarely or infrequently in relation t the behaviours of the general population
What is the deviation from social norms?
Th social norms approach says that a behavior is considered abnormal if it deviates greatly from accepted social standards, values, or norms
What is maladaptive behaviour?
A behavior as psychologically damaging or abnormal if it interferes with the individuals ability to function in his or her personal life or in society
What is personal discomfort?
A behaviour or mental process that causes distress to the person doing or experiencing it
What is a clinical assessment?
A systematic evaluation. Of an individuals various psychological, biological, and social factors, as well as the identification of past and present problems, stressors and other cognitive or behavioural symptoms
What are neurological tests? (In terms of clinical assessements)
They are brain scans and neuropsychological tests because a variety of abnormal psychological symptoms may be caused by tumours or diseases or infections in the brain. It checks for damage or malfunctions
What is a clinical interview? (In terms of clinical assessements)
Gathering of information about a persons past and curent behaviour patterns and mental processes. Some are structured which means they follow standard format of asking a similar set of questions, and some are unstructured meaning they have no set questions
What is a psychological test? Give two examples
Personality tests help clinicians evaluate a persons traits, attitudes, emotions and beliefs
- MMPI (specific statements of questions to which the person responds with specific answers)
- Rorschach ink blot test (no set answer it consist of ambiguous stimuli that a person interprets or makes up a story about
What is a clinical diagnosis?
The process of matching an individual’s specific symptoms to those that define a particular mental disorder.
What is the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM 5)?
It is a standardized way of classifying disorders it described a system for assessing specific symptoms and matching them to different mental disorders
What are the 5 axe’s
They serve as. Guidelines for making decisions about symptoms
1. Nine major clinical syndromes; disorders found in childhood, organic mental disorders,
2. Personality disorders
3. General medical conditions; when physical disorders affect mental health
4. Psychosocial and environmental problems
5. Global assessment of functioning scale; used to determine impact on ability to function in day to day life
What are three advantages of the DSM?
- Mental health professionals use the classification system to communicate with one another and discuss their problems
- Researchers use the classification system to study and explain mental disorders
- Therapists use the classification system to design the treatment program so as to best fit a particular client’s problem.
What are two potential problems with the DSM?
- Labeling mental disorders → identifying and naming differences among people. It put the person in a specific category that can have consequences
- Social and political implications → they can change how a person is seen and can have political and social consequences on a person because they have a mental illness.
From the study in textbook:
- What is the percentage of adults who suffer from a mental disorder
51%
From the study in the textbook:
- What are the three most common mental disorder?
- Anxiety Disorders
- Mood Disorders
- Alcohol use Disorder
What is the critique of the study?
- not diverse
- not inclusive
- gender is not implied
What are gender differences of depression and substance abuse?
Because of sex role stereotyping
What is generalized anxiety disorder, its causes and its symptoms
It is excessive unrealistic worry about almost everything or feeling that something is bad is about o happen. They usually last for the majority of the say for a period of at least 6 months. It is caused by a traumatic event of issues carries over from childhood like abuse or bullying. It’s treatments are psychotherapy (CBD) and/or medications like tranquilizers and SSRI’s
What is panic disorder, its causes, symptoms and treatments
Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. The person becomes so worries about having another panic attack that it interfered with normal functioning. It’s causes are neuro chemical & psychological which is for example accumulated stress.
Panic attack symptoms:
- physical: heart racing, trouble breathing, sweatiness, dizziness, trembling
- psychological: feeling of losing control, fear that you will die
Treatment:
- therapy and drugs like SSRI’s and benzodiazepines
What are phobias, their symptoms, treatments and causes
Excessive fear to the possible danger of an object per situation, the person will go to great length to avoid the situation and if it is unavoidable the person feels extrêmement anxiety. It is caused by a specific traumatic event, phobias are learnt through conditioning or observing a person showing fear of something
What is a social phobia?
Irrational, marked and continuous fear of performing in social situations. The person fears that they will humiliate or embarrass themselves. They will do everything to avoid the situation
Ex: public speaking, talking to strangers, eating in restaurants
Symptoms:
- nausea, sweating
Specific phobia’s
Marked and persistent fears that are unreasonable and triggered by anticipation of or exposure to a specific object or situation
Ex: flying, heights, spiders, blood, animals, ocean, tight spaces
Only becomes a phobia when the fear is excessive
What is agoraphobia?
Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing if a panic attack or panic-like symptoms were to occur. It comes from a fear of having a panic attack
What is the treatments for phobias?
- cognitive behavioural therapy
- exposure therapy
- drugs such as:
- benzodiazepine
- SSRI’s
What is OCD, its symptoms, causes and treatments
Consist of obsessions which are persisten recurring irrational thoughts, impulses or images that are not controllable and compulsions which are irresistible impulses to perform over and over some senseless behavior or ritual. It is to the point where is affects a persons life
Ex:
- germs → hand washing
- perfection → redoing things
- uncertainty → checking
Causes:
- problem in the production of serotonin. It is a biological cause.
Treatments:
- neural plasticity → mindfulness therapy that changes the activity of the caudate in patients with OCD. Without therapy the caudate is quite active and after therapy it isn’t as active
What is Taijin kyofusho?
A social phobia characterized by a terrible fear of offending others through awkward social or physical behaviour like; staring, blushing, giving off an offensive odour, having an unpleasant facial expression or having trembling hands
What is a mood disorder?
It is a prolonged an disturbed emotional state that affects almost all of a person’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours
What is major depression?
At least 2 weeks of continuous bad moods, having no interest in anything and getting no pleasure from activities. Symptoms include:
- problems with sleeping, eating, thinking, concentration, making decisions, lacking energy, thinking about suicide and feeling worthless or guilty
What are the three statistics on major depression
- 16% of population had 1 episode of major depression
- approximately 2 times as many women as men
- after 1 episode 70% chance of another within 18 months
What is the treatment for major depression
- less severe → SSRI or therapy
- more severe → combo of SSRI & psychotherapy
- severe depression → electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Conséquence → memory loss
What is bipolar disorder
A fluctuation between two extreme moods; depression and mania
Manic episode:
- lasts about a week
Symptoms → unusually euphoric (very happy), uncreated self-esteem, increased energy, decreased sleep, pressure of speech, racing & disconnected thoughts, distractible, poor judgment, impulsive behaviour, easily frustrated
Depression: as described before
What are the causes of major depression?
Biological:
- NT levels are abnormal
ex: serotonin an dopamine
Psychosocial:
- stressful life events
- negative cognitive style
- Personality factors
What is dysthymia disorder?
Being in a chronic but not continuous depression for a period of 2 years The person may experience:
- poor appetite, insomnia, fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration, feelings of hopelessness
What are the statistics with the 3 mood disorders (dysthymia, major depression ad bipolar)
Dysthymia: 6% of population
Major depression: 16% of population
Bipolar: 1.3% of population
What is the neurotransmitter associated with depression?
group of 3 neurotransmitters called monoamines (Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine )
What are psychosocial factors for depression and name 3.
They are personality traits, cognitive styles, social supports, and the ability to deal with stressors, interact with predisposing biological factors to put one at risk for developing a mood disorder.
1. Stressful life events
2. Negative cognitive style → may result from seeing the world in a negative way
3. Personality factors → sensitive people or ones who overreact or are socially dependent are at a higher risk
What are SSRI’s
They increase the levels of monoamines neurotransmitters which are involved in regulating emotions and moods for 1/3 of the patients symptoms will go away but for others it may take trying different medications.
What is the effectiveness of psychotherapy
- less severe depression; drugs and/or therapy is affective
- more severe; drugs and therapy
- severe; electroconvulsive therapy
What is the chemical element used to treat bipolar disorder?
Lithium
What is ECT, why is it a last resort and what are possible consequences
It involves administrating a mild electric current that passes through the brain and causes a seizure. Since it produces major brain seizures it may cause various degrees of memory loss
How is ECT effective
It is not 100% sure but it suggests that it changes brain chemistry and restores a normal balance to neurotransmitters
What is schizophrenia and its symptoms?
Serious mental disorder that lasts for at least six months and includes at least 2 of the following symptoms:
- delusions → irrational beliefs that have no basis in reality and are held despite contrary evidence
- hallucinations → serious sensory experiences without stimulation from the environment (hearing or seeing things)
- disorganized speech
- disorganized behavior
- emotional disorder → intense or little emotions (flat affect- little or no emotional response)
- attention problems
What is the % of population affected by schizophrenia?
1%
Is there a gender distinction when it comes to schizophrenia?
No
What is the typical age of onset
Between 15 and 25
What is the % of people that die by suicide because of schizophrenia?
10%
What is the % of schizophrenic patients that have been hospitalized
52%
What is paranoid schizophrenia
Auditory hallucinations or delusions such as thoughts of being persecuted by others or thoughts of grandeur. They have delusions and false beliefs
What is disorganized schizophrenia?
Bizzare ideas, often about ones body, confused speech, childish behavior, great emotional swings, and neglect of personal appearance and hygiene
What is catatonic schizophrenia
Periods of wild excitement or periods of rigid prolonged immobility; sometimes the person assumes the same frozen posture for hours ne days
What’s the difference between type I and type II schizophrenia? Which one has a higher chance of recovery?
Type 1: has positive symptoms which ,means there are characteristics added to ones behavior like delusions and hallucinations. This type responds well to medication
Type 2: has negative symptoms meaning things are removed from their behavior like little emotion, motivation, limited speech. This type does not respond to medication
** type 1 has a higher chance of recovery
What are the 3 brain changes that are observed in some schizophrenics?
- ventricle size is larger than most people
- frontal lobe: prefrontal cortex it is ,less activated in patients with schizophrenia
- brain chemistry → excess dopamine in certain brain regions and a lack of dopamine in others are associated as well as 2 other neurotransmitters called serotonin and glutamate
What is the diathesis-stress theory
Some people have genetic predispositions that interacts with life stressors to result in the onset of schizophrenia. It assumes that biological or neurological factors have produced a predisposition for schizophrenia
What neurotransmitters do typical neuroleptics reduce?
Dopamine
What kinds of schizophrenic symptoms are reduced by typical neuroleptics?
Type I schizophrenics with positive symptoms
What is the dopamine theory of schizophrenia?
Says that in schizophrenic patients dopamine NT is overactive which is what leads to the symptoms
What is a personality theory?
Organized attempt to describe and explain how personalities develop and why they differ
What is a personality?
Combination of long-lasting and distinctive behaviours, thoughts, motives and emotions that typify how we react and adapt to other people and situations
What is the difference between conscious and unconscious thoughts and feelings?
Conscious thoughts are wishes desires or thoughts that we are aware of or we can recall, unconscious thoughts are disturbing or threatening thoughts or desires we hen suppress
What is free association? (To discover the unconscious)
Clients talk about images or thoughts that enter their head: the assumption is that the free-flowing, uncensored talking will provide clues to unconscious material
What is dream interpretation?
Analysis of dreams based on the assumption that dreams contain underlying, hidden meanings and symbols that provide clues to unconscious thoughts and desires. Freud distinguished the dreams plot called manifest content, and the dreams hidden or disguised meaning or symbols called latent content
What is a Freudian slip?
Mistakes of slips of the tongue that we make in everyday speech; such as mistakes which are often embarrassing are thoughts to reflect unconscious thoughts or wishes
What is the Id
The mind contains 2 biological drives
1. Sex
2. Aggression
They are the source of all psychic or mental energy; the ids goal is to pursue pleasure and satisfy biological drives
- at an unconscious level
What is the ego?
Develops from the id during infancy; the ego goal is to find safe and socially acceptable ways of satisfying the id’s desires and to negotiate between the id’s wants an the super ego’s prohibition
What is the superego?
It develops from the ego during early childhood; the superegos goal is to apply the moral values and standards of ones parents of caregivers an society in satisfying ones wishes
What is the pleasure principle and which part of the mind controls it?
It operated to satisfy drives and avoid pain, without concern for moral restrictions or society’s regulations.
- the id controls it
What is the reality principle and which part of the mind controls it?
Satisfying a wish or desire only if there is a socially acceptable outlet available.
- it is governed by the ego
What is meant by the id is all unconscious?
The id wants to pursue pleasure and doesn’t care about moral restrictions or societal regulations which is what suggests it is unconscious.
Is the id and superego conscious, unconscious or both?
Both, there is a conscious and unconscious part to each
What is the relashionship between id,ego and superego.
Id: pleasure speaker, wants to do anything
Ego: negotiator between Id and superego
Superego : regulator or rule follower
What is the uncomfortable feeling that results from inner conflicts?
Anxiety, is the consequence of inner conflicts between the desires of the id and the moral goals of the superego
What is a défense mechanism
Freudian processes that operate at an unconious level and that uses self-deception or untrue explanations to protect type ego from being overwhelmed by anxiety
What is rationalization?
Covering up true reasons for actions, thoughts, feelings by making up excuses or incorrect explanations
What is denial?
Refusing to recognize some anxiety provoking event or piece of information that is clear to others
What is repression?
Blocking and pushing unacceptable or threatening feelings, wishes or experiences into the unconscious
What is projection ?
Falsely and unconsciously attributing your own unacceptable feelings, traits or thoughts to individuals or objects
What is reaction formation
Involves substituting behaviours, thoughts or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones
What is displacement?
Transferring feeling about or response to an object that causes anxiety to another person or object that i less threatening
What is sublimation
A type of displace,ment involving redirecting a threatening or forbidden desire usually sexual into a socially acceptable one
How did carl rogers see humans?
People who are:
- conscious
- rational
- choosing
What is self actualisation?
The inborn need hat we all have to develop our human potential to its full potential. This tendency guides us towards this positive and healthy behaviours
What is the real self and the ideal self
Real self: based on our actual experiences and represents how we really see ourselves
Ideal self: based on our hopes and wishes and reflects how we would like to see ourselves
What is self-concept
How we see or describe ourselves. The self is made up of many self-perceptions, abilities, personality characteristics and behaviours that are organized and consistent with one another
How is self-actualisation achieved?
Through unconditional positive regard
What is positive regard?
Love, sympathy, warmth, acceptance and respect which we crave from family, friends and people whoa re important to us
Do people often receive conditional positive regard or positive regard? What are consequences of this?
Conditional positive regard.
1. Poor self-esteem
2. False sense of self
What is conditional positive regard
Love and acceptance given only if the person behaves in ways which meet the others standards or serves their needs
What is neural plasticity
Brains can change structure and function through mental experience
