Test 3 Flashcards
Cyanobacteria
also called blue-green algae or blue-green bacteria
Basic Properties of cyanobacteria
- Have bacteriochlorophyll
- Red/blue Pigments
- Require moist conditions
Importance of cyanobacteria
- At the bases of many aquatic food chains
- Rapid division under optimal conditions can significantly impact water quality.
- Toxin production by some species
- Nitrogen fixation
- Skin irritation
- Few are edible (spirulina)
What phylum make up green algae
Chlorophyta and Charophyta
Green algae are in what kingdom
kingdom plantae
Thalloid body structure
sheet like
nodal body structure
stem like structure w/ distinct locations for branching. (Chara)
Filamentous body structure
Strand like
Colonial body structure
Cells aggregate together in a particular configuration. (Volvox)
Unicellular body structure
One cell (may be elaborate)
Charophyta
(stoneworts)
1.Some of the closest terrestrial plant relatives
2. Some are nodal, no meristems or buds
3. Usually freshwater
Chlorophyta
(Green algae)
-All have chlorophyll a
-store starch
-large photosynthetic cells
-freshwater/marine
-some explored as sources of biofuel
Chromophyta
(Diatoms, brown, and yellow green algae)
Diatoms
(kingdom protista)
Unicellular
Walls composed of silicon
Walls are ornately grooved or in a specific pattern.
-diatomaceous earth (insect control)
Brown Algae
(Kingdom Protista chromophyta)
-Kelps
Produces alginates (thickeners in several food products)
Rhodophyta
Red algae, kingdom protista
-Highly branched or thalloid
-appear red b/c of phycobilin
-Nori, sushi wrap
Dinophyta
red tides
potentially toxic
pfisteria, joann burkholder
Lichens
-Symboitic association between fungi and cyanobacteria or algae (photosynthesis)
Crustose
Flat and crust like
Foliose
Sheet like
Fruticose
Branched or busy like. string like
Ecological significance of lichens
- Air quality indicators
- Fabric construction
- Forage for caribou
- Dye extraction
Diploid
2 copies of DNA per cell
1. Sporophyte generation
Haploid
1 copy of DNA per cell
2. spores develop into a mature gametophyte
Meiosis
Diploid cells undergo this to form spores
Gametophyte generation
sperm fertilizes egg to form a zygote, which will develop into a sporophyte
Bryophytes
Plants with no seeds or vascular tissue
Characteristics of bryophytes
- small
- dominant gametophyte
- moist environments
- mycorrhizal associations
- colonizing organisms
- highly variable environments
Liverworts (bryophyte)
gametophytes anchored by rhizomes
hornworts (bryophytes)
Small but dominant gametophyte. Produce a horn like sporophyte.
Mosses
Make up most of the bryophytes.
Ecological impact of mosses
- Colonizers
- Good indicator of soil conditions
- Preservative capacity
- Fuel source (Peat moss)
- Antiseptic properties
- Help prevent erosion
Lycophytes
(Club mosses and quillworts)
(Seedless vascular plants)
Fern allies
organisms w/ similar life cycle characteristics and all reproduce by spores plus have vascular tissue
Lycopodium
(Ground pines) (Lycophyta)
look similar to gymnosperms
Selaginella
(spike mosses)
(Lycophyta)
free branching, moist habitats, (resurrection plants)
Isoetes
(quillworts) (lycophyta)
grasslike
moist conditions
Lycophyte uses
-ornamental/ decor
-spores used as powder for flash photography
-forage
-blood coagulant
Whisk ferns (pteridophyta)
(seedless vascular pants)
-Only a few species
-Cooksonia is the earliest known plant to have vascular tissue.
-No true roots, rhizomes, bifurcating stems w/ yellow sporangia
Horsetails and scouring rushes
-Seedless vascular plants
- All have true roots and stems
about 25 species
- vertical stems w/ obvious nodes
-photosynthetic
Ferns
Conspicuous sporophyte with true roots, stems, and leaves. Sori contain spores
Pinophyta
cone bearing tree
pine
spruce
juniper
fir
cedar
cypress
Structural features of gymnosperms
thick cuticle, resin canals, compact mesophyll, sunken stomata
Fascicles
needle like leaves arranged in these.
Conifer facts
- No vessel elements
- Thick periderm
- composed of cork cells
- cope w/ low intensity fires
Pollen cones
male gametophyte of pinophyta
seed cones
female gametophyte of pinophyta
2. Base of bracts are ovules that produce female gametophyte
Length of time from pollination to seed maturity for gymnosperms
2-3 years
General sherman
most volume in a tree
hyperion
tallest tree
cycadophyta
gymnosperms, rare, most diversity now in botanical collections
- dioecious
- flagellated sperm that must be carried from one plant to next.
ginkgophyta
gymnosperms, dioecious, ginkgo biloba
Significant features of gymnosperms
- Boreal forests- cold or freezing tolerance
- Primary invaders in succession-mycorrhizal relationship
- Size and longevity
- Resistant to many pathogenic fungi and insects, although some very susceptible.
- building materials and wood products
- newsprint
flower
primary reproductive organ in angiosperms
-composed of 4 whorls
sepals
outermost part of the flower, develops first
calyx
the group of sepals
petals
internal to sepals, external to stamen
corolla
the group of petals
perianth
calyx plus corolla
stamens
male reproductive structures
- composed of anther and filament
anther
part of stamen where pollen production occurs
filament
part of stamen that elevates the anther
androecium
group of stamens
pistil
innermost part of flower,
female reproductive part
gynoecium
all pistil structures together
stigma
part of pistil that receives pollen, the top
sytle
part of pistil that elevates the stigma
ovary
part of the pistil that contains ovules
ovules
each ovule produces an egg cell.
Whorl organs of monocots
multiples of 3s
whorl organs of dicots
multiples of 4s and 5s
receptacle
enlarged tip of peduncle where whorls attatch
peduncle
flower stalk (elevates flower and connects with stem)
Perfect flower
has both stamen and pistils
complete flower
has all 4 whorls
incomplete flower
lacks at least one whorl
imperfect flower
lacks either a stamen or a pistil
monoecious
male and female imperfect flowers on the SAME plant.
dioecious
all flowers on the same individual plant are either male or female. must cross pollinate
monoecious and dioecious flowers are
incomplete imperfect flowers
functions of the flower
- production of offspring
- yield fruit
- yield seeds
Self pollination
transfer of polen from anther to stigma on the same plant
cross pollination
transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of different plants
fertilization
union of sperm and egg cells to form a diploid zygote (sporophyte)
fruits form as a result of
thickening and enlargement of ovary and sometimes receptacle
fruit is a
thickened mature ovary
seeds are…
fertilized ovules
dehiscent
splits open at maturity
indehiscent
does not split open
dry fruits
ovary dehydrated at maturity… thin fruit wall
fleshy fruits
remain hydrated at maturity
aggregate fruits
form from several pistils in the same flower. the individual ovaries enlarge and fuse together
ex. rasperry, blackberry
multiple fruits
form from several flowers in an inflorescence. the fruits from each flower fuse together to generate one larger structure
ex. pineapple, corn
accessory fruits
are composed of a thickened ovary wall as well as other floral organs, such as petals and or receptacle. ex apple, strawberry
drupe
one seed per drupe
desmid
unicellular with a construction in the center
protonema
structure in the moss life cycle that receives the spores. has a bud with the female gametophyte
antheridium
haploid (gametophyte generation) produces sperm
archegonium
haploid (gametophyte generation) holds the egg.
moss sporophyte
is supported by the gametophyte
moss sporangium
diploid sporophyte generation
-holds the spores
fiddlehead
frond that is yet to develop
fern leaves are called
fronds
prothallus
gametophyte for ferns (photosynthetic)
angiosperms
have vascular tissue seeds and flowers.
-sporophyte is dominant generation
domestication
growing a plant and selecting for favorable characteristics
modern corn came from
teosinte
Germplasm
variety of genetic composition of a particular species
Svalbard global seed bank
Norway, seed bank with deposits made from countries.
