Test 3 Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
What are decorative concrete masonry units intended for?
A
Exposed use in exterior and interior walls
2
Q
How are textured concrete masonry units often created?
A
They are designed and created by architects for particular buildings `
3
Q
What is the primary classification of stone based on how it was formed?
A
Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic
4
Q
Which stone type was formally either igneous or sedimentary rock and transformed by heat and pressure?
A
Metamorphic rock
5
Q
Which are the six groups of stone used in building construction, according to ASTM C119?
A
Granite, Limestone, Quartz-Based stone, Slate, Marble, Other
6
Q
What are the largest producer states of building stone in the United States?
A
Texas, Indiana, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and Georgia
7
Q
What is the most commonly used igneous rock for construction in North America?
A
Granite
8
Q
Which type of stone is characterized by closely spaced planes of cleavage, making it suitable for paving stones and roof shingles?
A
Slate (metamorphic)
9
Q
What is the primary purpose of a reinforced brick masonry wall?
A
Increased strength and load-bearing capacity
10
Q
Which type of masonry wall includes a hollow vertical space within the wall to intercept water penetration?
A
Cavity wall (intercepts water that penetrates the outer wythe)
11
Q
What is the purpose of weep holes in a cavity wall?
A
To allow trapped water to drain to the exterior
(Water is caught by a thin, impervious membrane called flashing and drained through weep holes back to the exterior)
12
Q
How does cavity wall construction differ from composite wall construction?
A
Composite walls use different masonry materials in different parts
13
Q
In masonry terminology, what is a wythe?
A
A continuous vertical section of masonry, one unit in thickness
(a reinforced brick wall is normally created by constructing two wythes of brick 2-4 in. apart)
14
Q
What is the purpose of damp-proofing on a cavity wall?
A
To prevent water from penetrating the backup wythe
(To further protect against water penetration, damp-proofing or other water-resistive material is applied to the cavity side of the backup wythe of the wall)
15
Q
How does a composite masonry wall differ from a cavity wall?
A
Composite walls combine different masonry materials
(Composite masonry walls are solid slabs in which multiple wythes are bonded in such a way that they act as a unified mass)
(especially when a composite masonry wall is load-bearing, it is common to construct the wall of all one masonry unit type to best balance the structural behavior between wythes)
16
Q
What is the primary purpose of masonry ties in cavity wall construction?
A
To connect the veneer to the backup wythes and provide lateral support
(Backup wythe is not load–bearing other than its own weight)
17
Q
What is the significance of beveling the bed joint in cavity wall construction?
A
It reduces the squeezing-out of mortar into the cavity
18
Q
How can the accumulation of mortar droppings in the cavity be prevented?
A
by beveling the bed joint
19
Q
What is the primary advantage of using reinforced brick masonry walls?
A
Increased strength and resistance to various loads
(gravity loads, flexural loads from wind or earth pressure, and the dynamic stresses of earthquakes)
20
Q
Stone masonry is installed in which two ways?
A
Laid in mortar or mechanically attached
21
Q
What is the purpose of the steel shelf angle in masonry veneer cladding?
A
To support the brick veneer and create a starting point for instillation
22
Q
Which of the following is NOT a type of movement joint used in masonry construction?
A
Reinforcement joint
-Expansion, control, and isolation joints are used
23
Q
What role does the flashing above the shelf angle play in masonry cladding?
A
Capturing water and conducting it out of the wall
24
Q
Why are movement joints necessary in masonry construction?
A
To allow for expansion, contraction, and other movements without causing damage
25
Which type of joint is intentionally created to accommodate shrinkage in masonry surfaces during initial curing?
Control joint
(Control joints are intentionally created planes of weakness that can open to accommodate shrinkage in masonry surfaces, usually during initial curing)
26
What is the purpose of an air and water-resistive barrier membrane in masonry cladding?
To prevent the passage of air and water into the wall
27
How are movement joints typically closed in masonry walls?
With flexible sealants
(Most movement joints in masonry walls are closed with flexible sealants to prevent air and water from passing through)
28
In masonry construction, what is the term used to describe breaks in the material that can close or open to accommodate expansion and contraction?
Expansion joints
-Expansion joints are breaks in the material that can close or open to accommodate expansion and contraction
Expansion close or open
Control open only (shrinkage of surround material)
Isolation close or open "differences in movement"
29
What is the primary purpose of the steel subframe in stone cladding?
To serve as a structural load-bearing element
-Stone Panels Mounted on a Steel Subframe - The horizontal members are aluminum shapes that engage slots in the upper and lower edges of each panel to hold them securely in place.
Each truss is designed to carry both wind loads and the dead load of the stone to connection brackets that transfer these loads to the frame of the building
30
What kind of wall construction uses stone veneer without reliance on a supporting backup wall?
Stone Curtain Walls
- Stone Curtain Walls - The stone cladding methods illustrated in the following sections permit larger slabs of stone to be attached to buildings without reliance on a supporting backup wall... these systems resist the passage of water primarily as barrier walls.
Foundation barrier walls, Curtain wall barrier walls, Exterior residential walls are all types of barrier walls
A combination joint reinforcing and masonry tie made of heavy stainless steel wires is laid on top of the masonry, tying the brick veneer to the backup wall.
31
Which type of movement joint is placed at junctions between masonry and other materials?
Isolation Joint
-Isolation joints are placed at junctions between masonry and other materials
32
What material is often used for flexible, waterproof membranes in through-wall flashings?
Self-adhering bituminous or EPDM sheets
33
What can happen if movement joints are not included in masonry walls?
Cracking and spalling can occur at points of stress, leading to damage.
33
Which material is NOT used for movement joints in masonry walls?
Reinforcement steel?
34
What is the primary function of the nonstructural backup wall in stone cladding?
To provide an air barrier, house insulation and wiring, and support interior finishes
-A nonstructural backup wall, usually made of steel studs and gypsum sheathing panels, is constructed within the frame of the building but is not attached to the subframe. Its functions are to provide an air barrier, to house thermal insulation and electrical wiring, and to support the interior wall finish layer, which is usually gypsum board.
35
What is the purpose of angle bracing in stone cladding construction?
To provide lateral support for stone panels
-Angle bracing provides lateral support
35
How are stone panels mounted on a steel subframe held securely in place?
By engaging horizontal metal clips with slots in the panel edges
-A subframe of vertical steel struts supports a facing of stone panels by means of horizontal metal clips that engage slots in the upper and lower edges of the panels.
36
What is the role of control joints in masonry construction?
To accommodate shrinkage during curing
-Control joints are intentionally created planes of weakness that can open to accommodate shrinkage in masonry surfaces
37
What material is used to provide insulation with rigid foam boards in stone cladding?
Thermal insulation
-Thermal insulation can be provided with rigid foam boards
38
What type of joint reinforcing must be interrupted at movement joints?
Movement joints
-Reinforcing must be interrupted at movement joints so that it does not restrain the opening or closing of the joint
39
What are the two broad classifications of building joints mentioned in the text?
Movement and nonmovement
40
What is the purpose of structure/enclosure joints?
To separate structural from nonstructural elements
-Structure/enclosure joints separate structural from nonstructural elements so that they will act independently.
41
Which type of joint is designed to adjust to expected motion without distress?
Movement joint
-Movement joints are of many different kinds. What they have in common is a designed-in ability to adjust to expected amounts of motion without distress.
42
What are isolation joints used for?
To allow independent movement of materials
-Isolation joints separate materials or assemblies that must be able to move independently without interfering with one another.
43
Which type of joint is deliberately created to control cracking in brittle materials?
Control joint
-should also be detailed with structure/enclosure joints that permit the frame of the building to deform during an earthquake without damaging brittle cladding or partition elements
Control joints are deliberately created lines of weakness along which cracking will occur as a surface of brittle material shrinks
Movement joints are of many different kinds. What they have in common is a designed-in ability to adjust to expected amounts of motion without distress.
44
What do expansion joints allow?
Expansion and contraction in adjacent areas
45
Building separation joints are classified into three types: volume-change joints, settlement joints, and ___________
seismic separation joints
-Building separation joints divide a large or geometrically complex building mass into smaller, discrete structures that can move independently of one another. Building separation joints can be classified into three types: volume-change joints, settlement joints, and seismic separation joints.
45
What is the primary function of volume-change joints?
To relieve effects of temperature and moisture expansion
46
Efflorescence is a fluffy crystalline powder that appears on the surface of masonry due to the presence of ___________
water-soluble salts
-Efflorescence is a fluffy crystalline powder, usually white, that sometimes appears on the surface of a wall of brick, stone, or concrete masonry. It consists of one or more water-soluble salts that were originally present either in the masonry units or in the mortar.
47
Which type of steel contains less than roughly 2 percent carbon?
Mild steel
-mild steel, contains less than three-tenths of 1 percent carbon
cast iron contains 2 to 4 percent carbon
wrought iron contains even less carbon than most steel alloys
high-strength steel is only mentioned 2x in the reading and is mentioned as high-strength, low-alloy steels, with no mention of carbon content
47
What role does carbon content play in the properties of ferrous metals?
It affects the hardness and brittleness of the metal.
-Too much carbon makes a hard but brittle metal, like cast iron, while too little produces a malleable, weaker material, like wrought iron.
48
Which process converts iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace?
Smelting
49
What is the primary purpose of the basic oxygen process in steelmaking?
To reduce excess carbon and impurities
50
What is the preferred type of steel for standard wide-flange structural shapes with ductile behavior?
ASTM A992 steel
-ASTM A992 steel, with well-defined ductile behavior (important to seismic design), is the preferred type for standard wide-flange structural shapes
51
When is weathering steel (ASTM A588) typically used?
When a tenacious oxide coating is desired
52
How are open-web steel joists (OWSJ) commonly used in construction?
To support floor and roof decks
-one of the most common is the open-web steel joist (OWSJ), a mass-produced truss used in closely spaced arrays to support floor and roof decks
-Steel angles are used as diagonal braces in steel frames and as members of steel trusses
53
What is the purpose of cold working (cold forming) steel members?
To gain strength through realignment of crystalline structure
- The mechanical properties and shapes of steel members can also be modified by cold working (cold forming), that is, by rolling, bending, or stretching at room temperature. Cold working causes the steel to gain considerable strength through a realignment of its crystalline structure.
54
Hollow structural sections (HSSs) are often used for what type of loads?
Torsional stresses and buckling associated with compressive loads
55
What type of steel shapes are identified by shape, nominal depth, and weight?
Beam, column, channel, and T shapes
55
Which organization publishes tables of dimensions and properties for various steel shapes?
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
56
How is metal decking typically fastened to supporting steel framing?
Welding, self-drilling screws, or power-driven pins
-Metal decking is fastened to the supporting steel framing by welding, self-drilling screws, or power-driven pins. Welding takes longer to complete than mechanical fastening, but it is also stronger.
56
What determines the spanning capability of metal decking?
Thickness of the sheet and depth of the corrugations
- The spanning capability of the deck is determined mainly by the thickness of the sheet from which it is made and the depth of the corrugations.
57
What is the purpose of composite metal decking in construction?
To act as steel reinforcing for concrete topping
-Composite decking acts as steel reinforcing for the concrete topping installed over it
58
Which type of connection was the predominant fastening technique in steel frame buildings for many decades?
Riveting
58
What happens to a rivet as it cools after being inserted into holes in steel members?
It shrinks, clamping the joined pieces together
-As the rivet cools, it shrinks, clamping the joined pieces together and forming a tight joint.
58
What type of connection uses bolts tightened to a snug-tight condition to resist movement between the joined members?
Bearing-type connection
-In a bearing-type connection, bolts need only be installed to a snug-tight condition. In this case, movement between the joined members is resisted by the bolts themselves as the sides of the bolt holes in the connected members bear against the bodies of the bolts.
59
In which type of connection are bolts preloaded to create friction between adjoining faces of steel members?
Slip-critical connection
-In a slip-critical (or friction-type) connection, bolts are preloaded (tightened during installation) to such an extent that friction between the adjoining faces of the steel members (the faying surfaces) resists movement between the members.
59
What is the purpose of backup bars in welded connections?
They prevent molten metal from flowing out of the groove.
-Small strips of steel called backup bars, or backing bars, are welded beneath the groove before the actual weld is begun to prevent the molten metal from flowing out the bottom of the groove
60
Which organization's code governs structural welding practices and standards?
American Welding Society (AWS)
61
What method uses load indicator washers to verify bolt tension?
Turn-of-nut method
-This can be accomplished in any of several ways. In the turn-of-nut method, each bolt is tightened snug then turned a specified additional fraction of a turn. Depending on bolt length, bolt alloy, and other factors, the additional tightening required will range from one-third of a turn to a full turn. In another method...a load indicator washer...flattened...feeler gauge inspection...dye capsules...visually confirm [tension]
turn-of-nut method=fraction of turn
indicator washers=feeler gauge or dye
62
What type of fireproofing material is commonly referred to as spray-applied fireproofing?
Mixtures of cement or gypsum sprayed over steel
-spray-applied fireproofing, have become the most prevalent type. These are mixtures of Portland cement or gypsum and mineral wool, quartz, perlite, or vermiculite
63
What is the primary purpose of spray-applied fire-resistive materials (SFRM)?
Insulating steel from high temperatures
-All spray-applied materials act primarily by insulating the steel from high temperatures
64
In which type of construction are intumescent mastics and paints often used?
Situations with low-to-moderate fire risk
-Intumescent mastics and intumescent paints (Figure 11.68) are thin paint-like coatings that allow steel structural elements to remain exposed to view in situations of low-to-moderate fire risk.
65
What was the main drawback of early fireproofing methods, such as brick masonry encasements?
Excessive weight
High cost
-Fireproofing of steel framing was originally done by encasing steel beams and columns in brick masonry or poured concrete. These heavy encasements were effective, absorbing heat into their great mass and dissipating some of it through dehydration of the mortar and concrete, but their weight added considerably to the load that the steel frame had to bear. This added, in turn, to the weight and cost of the frame. The search for lighter-weight fireproofing
66
Which type of connection is capable of transmitting bending forces between a beam and a column?
Moment connection
-To produce a moment connection, one capable of transmitting bending forces between a beam and column
67
What material is commonly used for composite metal decking?
Steel
-Composite decking acts as steel reinforcing for the concrete topping installed over it.
68
What type of weld is used to join structural steel members as if they were a monolithic whole?
Welded connection
-Welding offers a unique and valuable capability to the structural designer: It can join the members of a steel frame as if they were a monolithic whole.
69
What is the purpose of stiffener plates in welded moment connections?
To better distribute bending forces into the column
-To produce a moment connection, one capable of transmitting bending forces between a beam and column, it is necessary to also connect the beam flanges across the joint, most commonly by means of full-penetration groove welds (Figures 11.27 and 11.28). Stiffener plates are also frequently installed inside the flanges of the column to better distribute these forces into the body of the column.
70
What determines the size and length of each weld in structural steel connections?
The forces that must be transmitted between the members
-The required thickness and length of each weld are calculated to match the forces that must be transmitted between the members
71
What type of deck is used without concrete topping and has closely spaced corrugations?
Roof deck
-Roof deck is used without concrete topping. Its corrugations are usually more closely spaced to better support the types of roof insulation boards commonly placed on top
