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psychology 101 > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between nightmares and sleep terrors?

A

Nightmares are just bad dreams that you remember, night terrors are an intense physiological arousal that occurs during the deepest stage of sleep that you don’t remember.

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2
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Personal awareness of feelings sensations, thoughts and external stimuli

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3
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

The study of mental processes by which the information humans receive from their environment is modified, made meaningful, stored, retrieved, used, and communicated to others

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4
Q

What is thinking?

A

The manipulation of information in the form of mental images or concepts. Involves information that is inferred by our behavior. It is evident when we make decisions or solve problems.

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5
Q

How did Watson (founder of behaviorism) claim that psychologists could study thinking?

A

Observing muscle movement when we speak silently to ourselves. He believed that if thinking did not consist of detectable muscle movement, it would be impossible to think.

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6
Q

What is curare?

A

A poison that blocks conduction to motor neurons, causing paralysis.

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7
Q

Who tested Watson’s notion that thinking must require muscle movement?

A

Scott Smith

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8
Q

What are the five core functions to human thinking?

A

Describe, elaborate, decide, plan, guide action

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9
Q

What is reaction time?

A

The amount of elapsed time between the presentation of a physical stimulus and an overt reaction to that stimulus.

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10
Q

What are concepts?

A

Categories of objects, events, or ideas that share common characteristics or mental representation of a class. For example: Dogs, cars etc.

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11
Q

What are the three types of concepts?

A

Artificial, natural, prototype

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12
Q

What are propositions?

A

Can either be true or false. They are the smallest units of knowledge that can stand as separate assertions. For example: Dogs bark

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13
Q

What are schemas?

A

General knowledge about categories of objects, events, and people. For example: Regular books and electronic media

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14
Q

What are scripts?

A

Mental representations of sequences of activity. For example: Being a college student

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15
Q

What are mental models?

A

Large clusters of propositions in long-term memory that represent people’s understanding of how things work. For example: Toy on a board with different things on it.

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16
Q

What is visual image?

A

Seeing an object without it being present. The occipital lobe is responsible for processing visual imagery.

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17
Q

What are cognitive maps?

A

Images of familiar locations

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18
Q

What is divergent thinking?

A

Thinking in different directions in search of multiple answers to a question. Being creative depends on divergent thinking.

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19
Q

What is convergent thinking?

A

Straight line of thinking, inside the box

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20
Q

What is reasoning?

A

A process by which we generate arguments, evaluate them, and reach conclusions

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21
Q

What is formal reasoning?

A

The collection of mental procedures that yield valid conclusions, also called logical reasoning

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22
Q

What are algorithms?

A

Systematic procedures that always produce solutions to problem

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23
Q

What are rules of logic?

A

Sets of statements that provide a formula for drawing valid conclusions about the world

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24
Q

What are syllogisms?

A

Components of the reasoning process , are arguments made up of two propositions, called premises, and conclusions based on those premises. Syllogisms may be correct or incorrect. For example: Cats and people are mammals

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25
Q

What is informal reasoning?

A

Used to assess the credibility of a conclusion based on the evidence available to support it.

26
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Mental shortcuts, educated guesses or rules of thumb used to solve problems

27
Q

What is language?

A

Refers to spoken, written, or signed words and how we combine them to communicate meaning

28
Q

What are phonemes?

A

Smallest distinctive units of sounds in a language that are distinctive for the speakers of that language

29
Q

What are morphemes?

A

The smallest units of language that carry meanings. For example: Dogs

30
Q

What is grammar?

A

A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

31
Q

What is speech?

A

The vocalized form of communication based upon oral communication; ability to express one’s thoughts and emotions by speech sounds and gestures

32
Q

What are the two theories for language acquisition according to B. F. Skinner?

A

Learned behavior
Language is acquired through this built-in devise called LAD (language acquisition devise).

33
Q

What is American Sign Language?

A

It is an auditory language that is translated to a manual language. Facial expressions and hand gestures are used to place emphasis on certain words. These are called pantomimes of emotions.

34
Q

What are the five levels of consciousness?

A

Conscious, nonconscious, preconscious, unconscious/subconscious, altered

35
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

An altered state of consciousness brought on by special techniques. The person being hypnotized is very relaxed, not asleep and in a state of heightened susceptibility to suggestions. You cannot be hypnotized unless you want to

36
Q

What is the function of sleep?

A

Sleep is necessary to restore the body, to rest, REM may help consolidate what has been learned during the day

37
Q

How is the study of sleep observed?

A

Through REM-Rapid Eye movement, which indicates that the sleeper is dreaming. Sleep is associated with high brain activity and paralysis of major muscles.

38
Q

How many stages of sleep are there?

A

There are five stages of sleep: Most people travel through REM and stages 1-4 (slow-wave) sleep four to six times each night. Slow breathing, regular heart beat, and blood pressure is reduced. The amount of time spent asleep varies with age

39
Q

What triggers/suppresses the secretion of melatonin?

A

Melatonin secretion plays an important role in why we tend to be sleepy when it is dark outside. Darkness triggers the secretion of melatonin, where as light suppresses the secretion.

40
Q

What is jet lag?

A

Characterized by the difference between our internal clock and the time in our environment. It is a disruption in our sleep-wake cycle. Example: traveling from East to West.

41
Q

What is the internal clock?

A

A collection of pinhead size neurons called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) located in the hypothalamus just above the optic chiasm. The SCN receives information about lightness and darkness from the eyes and its own nerve pathways. This internal clock must be reset every day because it runs on a 25 hour cycle.

42
Q

What is a psychoactive substance?

A

Drugs that affect consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior

43
Q

What are the four major psychoactive substances?

A

Depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens

44
Q

What is cognitive ability?

A

The capacity to perform the higher mental processes of reasoning, remembering, understanding, solving problems, and making decisions

45
Q

Who was the first person who started the intelligence testing movement?

A

Francis Galton

46
Q

What is I.Q?

A

Intelligent Quotient

47
Q

What is the formula for I.Q?

A

Ratio of Mental Age divided Chronological Age x 100

48
Q

What are the three characteristics to a good psychology test?

A

Reliability, validity, standardization

49
Q

What is mental age?

A

The measure of intelligence derived by comparing an individual’s score on an intelligence test with the average perfomance of individual’s of the same age

50
Q

What is an aptitude test?

A

Designed to measure a person’s capacity to learn certain things or perform certain tasks.

51
Q

What is an achievement test?

A

Measures what the person has accomplished or learned in a particular area.

52
Q

What is the wechsler scale?

A

Yields verbal performance appraisal of intelligence for adults. (WAIS-R Ages: 16-74)

53
Q

There are three models of intelligence, also known as the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, according to who?

A

Robert Sternberg

54
Q

What are Sternberg’s three models of intelligence?

A

Analytical, creative, practical/street smart

55
Q

There are two types of intelligence according to who?

A

Charles Spearman

56
Q

What are Spearman’s two types of intelligence?

A

G- General intelligence and S- Special intelligence

57
Q

There are two groups of theorists who study intelligence and according to them what are the two kinds of intelligence?

A

The lumpers and the splitters

58
Q

How do the lumpers view intelligence?

A

They view intelligence as an overall ability to acquire knowledge to reason, and solve problems.

59
Q

How do the splitters view intelligence?

A

They view intelligence as a collection of abilities that give rise to a diversity of individual strengths and weaknesses.

60
Q

People have 8 categories of abilities/intelligence according to who?

A

Howard Gardner

61
Q

What are 3 categories of abilities/intelligence?

A

Linguistic, musical, logical

62
Q

Which movement proposed that if only intelligent individuals had children the whole nation would be better off?

A

The Eugenic Movement

psychology 101 (1 decks)

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