Test 3 Flashcards
Cognitive development
a. Change in cognitive structures/understandings
b. Best exemplified by Piaget
Information processing
a. Intelligence is what we do when we process information
b. Some people are more “efficient” processors
The Psychometric Approach
a. Individuals differences exist in intelligence/cognitive ability and we can measure those differences
b. Best exemplified by IQ/Achievement tests
Modern IQ tests are based on the normal distribution curve
IQ test is a type of standardized test (SAT, ACT, etc.)
What is IQ tests reliability (or consistency)
o No test is perfectly reliable
o IQ tests have high reliability (holds across all demographic groups
What is IQ test validity
o Reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity
o Validity: to what extent does the test measure what it purports to measure?
o Different ways to evaluating validity
Predictive validity of IQ tests
High school GPA
What do IQ tests not measure?
o Fixed capacity or potential
We always measure performance, not potential at time of testing
Performance is a function of many things
o Creative or divergent thinking
o Achievement motivation
Sternberg’s Triarchic Model
3 parts
Analytic
* Apply strategies
* Task relevant
Creative
* Solve novel problems
* Make processing skills automatic to free working memory for complex thinking
Practical
* Adapt to..
* Shape…
* Reading people
Gardner’s Multiple intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Visual-spatial
Musical
Kinesthetic
Intra/Interpersonal (socio-emotional)
Naturalistic
Existential
Explaining differences in IQ- Evidence for heredity
o Twin studies most compelling
o Heritability of IQ are about .40 in childhood, .70-.80 in adulthood
Explaining differences in IQ- Evidence for environment
o Adoption studies
o Social class differences
Working class children have lower IQ scores
o 5 things “intelligent” families do
Interesting and complex learning environment
* Toys and games they play with
Emotionally responsive to and involved with children
Talk to children often
* If parents working double time then they cannot talk as much
* Mostly important for verbal communication
Avoiding excessive punitiveness and restrictiveness
High expectations for success
Reaction range principle
o Genes establish some range, some upper and lower boundaries of possible functioning
o Where an individual will fall within those boundaries is determined by environment
o You can only say within during
genetic differences
o You can say between during
environment
What is personality?
- Patterns of enduring behavior, thought and affect that serve to distinguish one person from another
- Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
o Eros
the life instinct
o Thanatos
the death instinct
- Libido
part of the life instinct – energizes behavior
- ID
governed by the pleasure principle (child)
- Ego
governed by reality principle (adult)
- Super ego
conscience, duty, can be punishing (parent)
oral stage
thumb sucking
anal stage
potty training
