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BIO120 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an autotroph

A

Plants that can make their own food

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2
Q

Sessile

A

Can’t move

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3
Q

What are the elements plants need to live 4

A

Light
CO2
Water
Solid nutrients …not

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4
Q

Draw the photosynthesis thing

A

Co2 + h20 ——light—-> carbohydrate + 02
-the other way is cellular respiration ATP

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5
Q

Net primary productivity (npp)

A

C gained via photosynthesis - C lost via respiration =npp

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6
Q

Photosynthetic adaptations

A

Photosynthetic structured\s (green) are usually leaves
-take in c02 through stomata
-transpire : lose water through stomata

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7
Q

Impacts leaf breeakthing

A

Leaf size and shape - SA:V ration
Benefits of large leave is good for harvesting light and C02
Cost of large large is bad for overheating water loss by transpiration

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8
Q

Three photosynthesis

A

C3 photosynthesis
-rubisco is the enzyme that accepts c02
-high temp rubisco often captures o2 instead of c
C4 photosynthesis
-the enzyme PEP CARBOXLASE FORST ACCEPTS CO2 REducing photoresrpiration
CCA, PHTOT
-close stomata ain day to reduce water loss, open stomata at night to let in co2…but needs light so they store co2 as maleate until day

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9
Q

Evaporative cooling not always possible…

A

-need lots of water
—closing stomata shits off gas exchange
-trade-offf between water conservation and rapid growth

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10
Q

Palo Verde

A

-photosynthetic bark
-grow without water loss

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11
Q

Santa rite prickly pear

A

No leaves but it angles towards the sun set

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12
Q

Adaptations to episodic rain

A

-saguaro cactus

-shallow roots
-cam photosynthesis
-accordion pleated trunk allows expansion
-can absorb 800L

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13
Q

Root foraging

A

Low N vs high N
-search for nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil

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14
Q

Leaf shape

A

More laminar flow-bad for gas exchange
More turbulent flow- good for gas exchange
-sun leafs would have more turbulent shape

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15
Q

Recursive digression

A

Convective cooling aided by turbulence

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16
Q

Population in calculation

A

Population size N is the number of individuals living in an area
-n/ares=pop density

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17
Q

Why care about N

A

Natural resource management
Conservation
Health
Understanding and predicting human population growth
Basic science question of what limits popualtion growth

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18
Q

Pink salmon graph

A

Spikes
In one ares over time pop can change a lot

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19
Q

HIV popualtion dynamics

A

CD4+ lymphocytes and hIV RNA copies
Up down middle to zero
Down spikes then down/mid then up the the end

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20
Q

Popualtion dynamics who

A

Malthus
An essay on the principle of population
-humans can only grow as fast as their environment ‘ can’t out grow it

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21
Q

General model for popualtion growth

A

N(t +1 sub)=f9Nt0

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22
Q

Differential equations

A

-time steps are infinitesimally small …calculus for continuous reproduction

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23
Q

Difference equations

A

-time is discrete steps
—iterated recursion equations
-episodic reproduction

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24
Q

Notations

A

-time is subscripted
-N starts at zero

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25
Q

D, B, E, I

A

N,nee of deaths
No,bee of born
Number of emigration
Number of immigration

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26
Q

Lambda

A

Is the finite rate of increase
>1, births exceed and pop grows
<1, deaths exceeding the pop and pop declines

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27
Q

Geometric growth model

A

Nt = N0 Lambdat

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28
Q

Continuos time …exponential growth model

A

R= intrinsic rate if increase
Differential question is dN/dt = rN
Simplified to Nt=N0 ert
r>0

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29
Q

What is bed about exponential growth models

A

Simple exponential growth is a bad model of reality ob]ver a long time
-other factors keep pop from exponentially blasting
-two kinds of factors ——
Density-dependent regulation : growth depends on N
-density independent reduction

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30
Q

Logistic growth models

A

Brakes on the exponential growth
-S curve
-dN/dt=rN (1-n/k)

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31
Q

N.K.r.t

A

Pop
Carrying ca-a city
Intrinsic rate of increase
Time

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32
Q

Sigmoid curves that are s are …

A

Only possible if u start at low numbers

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33
Q

Logistic growth model pro and cons

A

Pros
-intraspecific competition
-simple
-can consider multi species competitions

Cons
-too simple
-a;ways a gradual approach to K
—in reality, density dependence is likely to be non-linear

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34
Q

Possible ways to add more complexity or reality

A

-different forms of density dependence
-time lags
-incorporate species interactions

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35
Q

Population per capita growth rate is fastest when small unless

A

Allee effects
—social benefits

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36
Q

Age-structured pop cons

A

-exponential and logistic models of pop growth treat all individuals the same
-fecundity and survivorship are things
-life history stages
-

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37
Q

Age-structure pop growth

A

S and f carry with age
-summarized in life tables of age-specific rates

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38
Q

What is a life table

A

Data that summariz the life events that are statistically expected for the average individual of a specific age in a popualtion
Age of death
Age and timing of reproduction
For modeling, these are treated as constants
-usually consider females only

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39
Q

Types survivorship curves

A

lx is raw …gets curve down
Prop a lily of being Alive

Curve becomes straight line and is type 2
Type 1 is he curve over the middle. And type 3 is the curve under the middle

-log of lx
Type 1

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40
Q

Draw human life curve

A

Steep then flat until 40 then down steep then slow to the end

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41
Q

Senescence

A

Old age

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42
Q

Fecundity schedules

A

-age class denoted by subscript
-mx = number fo daughters born to a female of age x during the interval x to x+1
-shape of the max curve characteristic of species
-repod periods usually preceded by reoccurs accumulation phase
-fecundity - survivorship trade off cost of reproduction

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43
Q

Net reproductive rate

A

R0
-average expected number of daughters a female had in her lifetime =net reproductive rate
-is like lambda but in ti,e units of one generation rather than one time interval

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44
Q

Constrain and trade offs of fast growth rate and reproduction

A

More pre-reproduction time means more time to collect resources

45
Q

Semelparous vs iteroparous organisms

A

Some…..Big Bang reproduction

46
Q

Why does natural selection favours semelparity

A

Satiate seed predators

47
Q

K strategy versus r strategy

A

-slaw f]growth
-longer generations ime
-large body size
More investment in somatic growth
Lower reproductive
Better competeive ability
-poor dispersal
More investment
-iterparity more likely
-shade tolerant plant

-fate set growth
Shorter generation time
-smaller body size
-more investment gonad
Higher reprod rate
Poor competing
Good at dispersal
-produce more but lighter seeds
-semelparity more likely
-shade intolerant seed dormancy
-born to run

48
Q

Completion terms

A

-intraspecific
-interspecific
Scramble/exploitative
Contest/interference competition

49
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Basic model : Lotka-Volterra equations
-simple outgrowth of logistic equation
-logistic already a haas braking term for intra-specific competition
-just add a second braking term for inter-specific competition

50
Q

Lotka-voltetra models

A

Rewrite the logistic model with subscripts
dN/dt = rN (1-N/K - alphaN/K)

51
Q

What is alpha in the l-v equation

A

Alpha ij = per-capita effect on i by j = competition coefficient

52
Q

Possible outcome of l-v 4

A

Tow species stay stably coexist
Species 1 may always win
Species 2 may always win
Indiednity of winner may depend on starting Ns

Outcomes depend on values of K and Alpha

53
Q

Foe species coexistence

A

Species cannot compete intensely
Or
Evolve sidiffreemces or occupy different elects of the niche

54
Q

-paradox of the plankton

A

So many species coexisting

55
Q

Paradox of the tropical rainforest

A

Either every species has a distinct niche
-something prevents competitive exclusion from driving species extinct
-that something is subject to intense study/debate

56
Q

L-V models how were they tested

A

Protozoa
Gauze 30s
-saw both stable coexistence and competitive exclusion

57
Q

Competition in lab v nature

A

In lab ….
Competitive exclusion is less likely to go to completion
-

58
Q

Connell 61 experiment

A

Two barnacle species in the marine intertidal zone
-zone upper limits set by desiccation
-lower limit set by completion for space
Competition is asymmetrical
-either one will take the other over if removed

59
Q

Paradox plankton resolved

A

-l-v models too simple
-most communities e not at competitive equilibrium
-other factors keep them below carrying capacity

60
Q

Completion but of the entire community

A

Can impact commune composition and species richness
-decrease diversity

61
Q

Different consumer interactions in the animal kingdom

A

Predation/carnivore
Grazing/herbivory
Parasitism/disease

62
Q

Brood parasites

A

Birds lay eggs in the nest of another species to avoid parental care
-brood mimicry…evolve to resemble host egg

63
Q

L-v models for predator-prey interaction

A

The w cycles
-prey foes really high then down
-predator only grows so ,icy before prey falls

64
Q

Antagonistic coevolution

A

-red Queen hypothesis
-arms race

65
Q

Life-dinner principal

A

Rabbit runs faster cause it’s life is at risk
Wolf just risks dinner

66
Q

Competition in a community can be good for

A

Keeping pop in balance
-typically it decreases biodiversity but…Paige’s seas stars

67
Q

Enemy release hypothesis

A

Invasive species become pests when they have no natural enemies

68
Q

Competing ideas in community ecology of disease

A

Dilution effect- for disease that infect many hosts, host diversity can dilute the risk to humans or animals

Amplification effect- more hosts or vectors species can support larger pop of disease causing organisms

69
Q

Symbiosis, mutualism

A

Lining together
Benefiting from the interaction both

70
Q

Kinds of mutualism

A

Nutritional mutualism
-legumes and rhizobia:exchange fixed C for fixed N
Defensive mutualisms
-ants and plants …protection for food
Dispersal mutualism
-plants and animal seed dispersers….exchange food for dispersal

71
Q

Mutualism in animal and human

A

Yao people in Mozambique harvest wild honey but can’t find bees nest easily
-honey guides

72
Q

L-v but for mutualism

A

Minus turns to plus for the n play alpha n

73
Q

L-v downfall in mutualism

A

Undergo silly solutions in which both populations undergo unbounded exponential growth
-limits
-strong intraspecific competition
-a third species
-diminishing returns to mutualism as the population grows

74
Q

Invasional meltdown

A

-positive feedback between mutualisms tends to generate runaway popualtion growth
-what if two invasive species interact as mutualism
-invasional meltdown for the process by which two non-native species facilitate one another’s spread

75
Q

Darwin’s orchid

A

Darwin predicated what the pollinator must look like
-reciprocal evolution

76
Q

Bacterial endosymbiosis in aphids

A

Aphids feed on phloem sap that is rich in sugars but poor in essential amino acids
-they have intercellular bacteria that provide their hosts with essential amino acids
-buchnera are vertically transmitted, they are passed in aphid eggs from mothers to offspring

77
Q

Endosymbiotic bacteria can…

A

Outsource functions to the host and lose genes that unnecessary
-have smaller genomes

78
Q

Are mutualisms often highly specialized

A

Most aphids have their own species of buchnera bacteria
-but most mutualisms are Not tightly coevolved
-most are horizontally transmitted
-mutualisms are rarely one to one interactions, usually many to many interactions
-current hot areas of mutualism research include -networks and micro biomes

79
Q

Characterizing microbial diversity in a host

A

Sequencing
-sequence highly conserved gene usually the bacterial 16S rRNA gene
-using DNA sequence data to identify microbes
—Frees us from having to culture microbes in order to study them
-

80
Q

Micro biome research

A

-reflects diet of the individual
-impacts metabolism, immune system, and other traits

81
Q

Fleshy fruit attract

A

Animal seed dispensers

82
Q

Colonization of new habitats example

A

-post glacial colonization depends on plant and animal dispersal
—range shifts in response to climate change
-

83
Q

Metapopulations

A

Populations of populations
-dispersal connects populations
-a meta population is a collection of spatially distinct populations that are connects vis dispersal
-we call each spatially distinct pop a patch

84
Q

Metwpopoialtiojs struftus can allow pop persistence even when individual pop are doomed

A

-local populations can be reestablished by colonists form other populations after going extinct
-source sink dynamics

85
Q

A sink in a newly colonized island

A

New prey grows to capacity
Predator reproduce quickly
-eat all prey
-they die too

Island level asructure is unstable

86
Q

;locally unstable pop can be

A

Globally stable

87
Q

Patch dynamics

A

-akin to popualtion dynamics but…
-instead do individuals in population, we track patch occupancy
-imagine the simple\\

88
Q

Kevin’s patch occupancy model

A

Write it
Where is eqaulitbrium = 0

89
Q

Metapopulation structure facilitates species persistence and coexistence

A

A single species ..,,tiger salamanders
-of predators and prey …imaginary island dynamics
-of competitors

90
Q

A and B global coexistence
A outcomepetes B

A

A must go extinct occasionally or new patches must be created
-B must be better disperser than A
-so B must be fugitive, tramp, weedy, opportunistic, transient species
-completion-colonization trade off

91
Q

General conclusion on species coexistence

A

Populations can be driven to extinction in several ways:
-stochasticity
-competitive exclusion
-alleles effects at low density
-BUT COUNTERED BY
—predation keeping competitive exclusion from going to completion
-non-equalibtium conditions, habitat patchiness, rescue by migration, variation in life-history strategy

92
Q

Metacommunity

A

Is a set of local communities linked by the dispersal of one or more of their constituent species

93
Q

What determines the number of species on an island

A

Colonization
Extinction
In-situation speciation

94
Q

Macarthur and Wilson’s theory of island biography and draw graphs

A

Goes;-to predict the number of species on an island from the islands size and isolation
-ignored in-situ speciation

Col rate does down
Extinction rate goes up
-meet at equilibrium
-colinization is slower in farther islands
-extinction rate is faster in small islands

95
Q

Species diversity on an island

A

Increase with ares . Decreases with isolation

96
Q

Trophic levels

A

-primary producers-plants
-primary consumers -herbivores
-secondary consumers = predators cornivorews who eat herbivores
-tertiary consumers-carnivores who eat secondary consumers
-decomposers = eat dead organic matter

97
Q

Indirect effects

A

-one species alters the effect that another species has on a . Third

-explotative or scramble competition I\if the contested resource is a species
Draw it

98
Q

Trophic cascade

A

Interactions between two Trophic levels cascade to a third Trophic level
-secondary easts primary who eats primary producer
-primary producers and the secondary consumer have indirect affect

99
Q

Trophic cascades and the green earth

A

The earth is green because the secondary carnivores keep the primary consumers in check

100
Q

Top down versus bottom up control

A

Top down-abundance kept low because of predation ….test by predator removal
Bottom up control-andundacae kept low because of resource limitation ….test by resource addition

101
Q

three facts about Trophic cascades

A

-indirect can be just as strong as direct
-outcomes not fundamentally predictable, depends on interaction strengths
-experiments needed, perhaps long-term

102
Q

Special difficulties of herbivory

A

-easy to be a carnivore:animal tissue easy to convert into animal tissues
-plant tissue is hard to convert into an animal tissue
-cellulose and lignin tough and indigestible without microbial symbionts
-coevolution race between herbivores and chemical defended

103
Q

Generalist vs specialist

A

Eat all and general
Specific adaptations to eat otherwise poisonous food

104
Q

Vertebrate herbivores

A

Many inspects complete development on a single often well-defended plant, they must overcome plant defences
-vertebrate grazers often eat some plant tissues and the mice to another plant
-vertebrate herbivores often select ,iced diets congaing foods processed by different detoxifying pathways
-some detoxify by microbes in hfermentaion chambers

105
Q

How is the climate changing

A

Not just temperatures
Circulation patterns are changing
Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent
-local climate changes are affecting organisms

106
Q

Acclimatization example

A

Early or gradual can reduce impacts

Porcelain crabs acclimated to cold temperatures function better at colder temperatures
-but acclimatization to warn temperature siceasee only mini,ally

107
Q

Wilson said about extinction

A

Can’t be undone
Least predictable consequences

108
Q

Conextinctions

A

Dependent species
-co-extinction
-mutualism and host-parasite interactions …depended on how specialized

109
Q

Conclusion to climate change

A

The best way is to reduce carbon emissions

BIO120 (3 decks)

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