Test Flashcards
Extinction
the end of a behavior
withholding the reinforcers that maintain a target behavior
what does “We maintain behavior through consequences mean?”
what follows a behavior makes it more or less likely to happen more often
do you see behavior disappear?
no. it gradually goes away
is extinction easy?
no. because there may be reinforcement you cannot control
operant behavior
influenced by consequences
rules for extinction
- Define target Bx
- Identify the reinforcers that maintain the target Bx
- withhold ALL! reinforcement of the target Bx
- Monitor results
Partial Reinforcement
This is not good. You need to rid of all reinforcements or it will be hard/impossible to extinct
Problems with extinction
uncontrolled reinforcement
slowness
uncontrolled reinforcement
it is hard to make sure the target Bx is not being reinforced
maybe you are not providing reinforcement but someone else is
it maybe internal reinforcement
bootleg reinforcement
bootleg reinforcement
inappropriate reinforcement that undermines an intervention
internal reinforcement
pleasure is derived internally (e.g. masturbation in public)
slowness (as a extinction problem)
Bx’s do not go away overnight
it takes a while to reduce Bx
Everyone needs to be patient and you must have good by in by others and let them know what is going to happen before hand
unwanted side effects
extinction burst
resurgence
spontaneous recovery
extinction burst
sharp increase in the fx of the Bx on extinction (things will get worse before they get better)
you have to prepare for it and make sure those you are working with prepare also by telling them
resurgence
the reapperance, during extinction, of a previously effective Bx; long period of time
spontaneous recovery
the reapperance of the target Bx following its extinction
very short and quick period of time
differential reinforcement
combines extinction and reinforcement to change fx of target Bx
do you use DR to increase or decrease frequency of Bx?
You can use it for both
3 types of DR
DR of Low Rate
DR of Alternate Behavior
DR of Incompatible Behavior
DR of Low Rate (DRL)
reinforce the target Bx when it occurs at low rate
NOT REINFORCING THE Bx BUT THE LOWER RATE
DR of Alternative Bx (DRA)
reinforce an alternate Bx instead of the target Bx
DR of Incompatible Bx (DRI)
reinforce target Bx that is incompatible with the target Bx
What is this ex. of?
Reinforcing Jessica when she goes from urinating in the bed 7 times a week to 4 times a week?
DRL
What is this ex. of? Renee walks out the class room instead of punching her enemy in the face?
DRA
What is this an example of?
Little boy puts hand in pants even though you gave him a toy.
You tell him to put hand in pocket instead
DRI
Rules for Using DR
- Define target Bx
- Put undesirable behavior (rate) on extinction
- Reinforce the desirable Bx (or rate)
- Monitor results
punishment
decreases Bx
Behavior is a ______ of its _______
function; consequences
consequences can…
strengthen or weaken a Bx
punisher
any event that when made contigent on a Bx decreases the fx of that behavior
Punishers are __________
aversive
Is what is aversive subjective or objective
subjective
ex. of? giving a spanking or chores
+ punishment
ex. of? taking away XBox
- punishment
reprimand
reduce the fx of a target Bx by making disapproval contingent on target Bx
most frequently used form
usually verbal
weak form
Reprimanding can take the form of _________
sarcasm
Is reprimanding effective?
not always
response cost
to reduce the fx of a target Bx by making removal of a reinforcer contingent on the target Bx
Safe form on punishment that works in a variety of settings
Time out
reduce the fx of the target Bx by making the removal of a person from a reinforcing situation contingent on the target behavior
REMOVAL FROM ALL REINFORCERS
safe and effective
why might timeouts not work
- They may get attention during the timeout
- The authority may not want to put the time or effort in
overcorrection
reduce the fx of a target Bx by making restitution for damages done and repeated performances of appropriate behavior contingent on the target Bx
positive practice
repeated performance
restitutuins
not only fixing what was done but doing more
difficulty with overcorrection
time consuming
physical punishment
reduce fx of Bx by making noninjurous brief contact with skin
LAST RESORT
physical abuse
type of phy. punishment
long-lasting discomfort
permanent damage
Behaviorist usully (disagree/agree) with using physical punishment unless the problem behavior might cause permanant injury (such as a child with autism hitting head and you are afraid of brain damage)
disagree
Negative side effects of punishment
Produces undesireable emotional reactions (Fear of punisher)
Escape and avoidance learning
Can increase aggression
abuse
Innopropro uses of punishment
Idea is not to hurt people
Not about retibution
Should only be done to change Bx, not to relieve frustration
