Test Flashcards
Indirect cost
Utilities
Rent
Replacement of staff
Training
Direct Cost
Salaries Hospitalization Outpatient visit Procedures and test Meds Devices and supplies Services
Intangible cost
Pain and suffering
Missing work because of a disease
Cost Benefit Analysis
Output and input in dollars
Answers how much dollars per output are received for each dollar of input
Cost Minimization Analysis
Has to have same effectiveness
Outcome is in dollars
Answers which alternative intervention is least costly with equivalent outcomes
Cost Effectiveness Analysis
Can have differing effectiveness and outcomes (side effects)
Answers which of the alternative interventions can achieve the best outcomes at lowest input cost (greatest success per dollar)
Cost Utility Analysis
Outcome is dollars of cost per additional quality life years
Answers which alternative intervention provides the greatest quality adjusted life years
Four domains of quality of life
Physical status
Psychological status
Social status
Economic/Financial status
Pharmacoeconomics Steps
Absolute risk Absolute risk reduction Relative risk Relative risk reduction Number to be treated
Absolute risk calculations
Disease/total
Absolute risk reduction
Drug absolute risk - standard of care absolute risk
Relative risk calculations
Drug absolute risk/standard of care absolute risk
Relative risk reduction calculation
AR of standard of care - AR of drug / AR of standard of care
Need to treat calculation
1/absolute risk reduction (step 2)
Want the number to be as close to 1 as possible
Ro
Basic reproduction number
Number of secondary infection that come from one contact point
Quality improvement
Make sure the design, develop and implement are effective and efficient
What can we do to improve and avoids blame
Quality assessment
What went wrong and who’s fault is it?
Total quality management
Continuously improving quality
Customer focus
Continuous improvement
Teamwork
Continuous quality management
Remove unnecessary activity and variation
Improving efficiency and quality over time
One problem at a time
Root cause analyze
Serious adverse events analyzes
System based
Process of QI
ID issue Build a team Define the problem Choose a target- interventions Test change Reconsider
Pharmacy opportunities in QI
Improving med adherence Monitoring high risk drug pts Reduce unnecessary events Utilize appropriate therapy Reduce mistakes Implement preventative healthcare measures Measure outcomes of new
Pharmacy informatics
Use of technology within healthcare systems to access, store, analyze and disseminate med related data and to optimize outcomes
Economics
Study of how individuals and societies allocate their limited resources
Demand
Willingness and ability to pay the price
Need
Amount of care based on perception of a medical person
Independent of price, income and insurance coverage
Prudent buyer
Make decisions based on how much money they have to spend
Input
Pharmacist time in money
Computer system cost
Facility rental/costs
Outputs
Better cure rate
Reduce length of care
Less side effects
Discounting
Time value of money
Sensitivity
How much change is results with minor changes in inputs
Recurring
Benefits that continue too reoccur over time
Epidemiology
Study of distribution of a disease or a condition in human populations and the factors that influence that distribution
Pharmacoepidemiology
Study of the use and effects of drugs in large numbers of people
