Test 2 Vocabulary Flashcards
having no border with ocean or sea
landlocked
space people use to travel through a mountain range
passes
referring to a body of water wide and deep enough for a ship to pass through
navigable
trees that lose their leaves in the fall
deciduous
referring to evergreen trees that have their seeds in cones
coniferous
cold dry winter wind from the north that strike southern France
mistral
hot winds from Africa that blows across Southern Europe
sirocco
referring to the ancient civilizations of greece and rome
classical
independent political unit that includes a city and the surrounding area
city-state
from of limited government in which power rests with the people and all citizens share in running the government
democracy
government in which people choose their leaders
republic
all powerful ruler
emperor
head of the Roman Catholic Church
pope
political and social system in which kings give land to nobles in exchange for the nobles provided military service as knights for the king
feudalism
country formed by people who share a common culture and history
nation state
one complete circuit around the sun; sweeping stage
revolution
mass killing of 6 million European Jews by Germany’s Nazi leaders during WWII
holocaust
System of government in which the government controls the ways of producing goods
communism
people with a common language, history, religion, and some physical traits
ethnic group
country where the government is the main provider for the sick, needy, and the retired
welfare state
the average number of children born to each woman
fertility rate
growth of cities
urbanization
non-religious
secular
form of government in which a monarch is the head of state, but elected officials run the government
Constitutional monarchy
form of government in which voters elect representatives to a law making body called parliament and the members of parliament vote for an official called the prime minister to head the government
Parliamentary Democracy
plants partly decayed in water which can be dried and burned for fuel
peat
low swampy areas
bog
measure of how much work a person produces in a set amount of time
productivity
spring of water heated by molten rock inside the earth, that from time to time shoots hot water into the air
geyser
narrow, u-shaped coastal valley with steep sides formed by the action of glaciers
fjord
electricity produced by natural underground sources of steam
geothermal energy
focusing on certain economic activities to make the best use of resources
specialization
areas of business that include making computers and other products with sophisticated engineering
high technology industry
accepting 2 official languages, able to speak 2 languages
bilingual
reclaimed wetlands that use a system of dykes and pumps to keep out the seas waters
polder
a company that has locations in more than one country
multinational company
the act of being brought back together
reunification
refusal to take sides in a war between other countries
neutrality
agriculture that conserves water and uses crops and growing methods suited to semi-arid environments
dry farming
having independence from another country
autonomy
special payment made by a government to support a particular group or industry
subsidy
economic system in which the GOVERNMENT decides how much resources are used and what goods and services are provided
command economy
economic system in which INDIVIDUALS make decisions how much resources are used and what goods and services are provided
market economy
mineral salt used in making fertilizer
potash
forcing people from 1 ethnic or religious group to leave an area so that it can be used by another group
ethnic cleansing
oil, natural gas, or coal, which are an important part of the world’s energy supply
fossil fuel
wood of evergreen trees often used in building and making furniture
softwood
system of roads and railroads that allow the transport of materials
infrastructure
permanently frozen lower layers of soil found in the tundra in sub-arctic climate zones
permafrost
a large coniferous forest
taiga
thick layer of smoke and chemicals
smog
chemical in smoke particles that cause pollution
pollutant
person who moves to another area to spread his or her religion
missionary
title given to the emperors of Russia’s past
czar
farm laborer who could be bought and sold along with land
serf
country whose government has strong control over the economy and society as a whole
communist state
a system in which small farms are combined into huge state run enterprises with work done by mechanized techniques in the hopes of making farming more efficient and reducing the need for farm workers
collectivization
period from about 1947 until 1991 when the US and the Soviet Union engaged in a political struggle for world influence but did not fight each other
Cold War
policy of political openness in the Soviet Union that allowed people to speak freely about the country’s problems
Glasnost
policy of economic restructuring in the Soviet Union that calls for less government control of the economy.
perestroika
action in which a group of individuals seizes control of a government
coup
passing stories by word of mouth from generation to generation
oral tradition
taking control of an industry or company by a government
nationalism
having independence from another country
autonomy
transfer of ownership of business from the government to individuals
privatization
part of society that is neither very rich nor poor but has enough money to buy cars, new clothing, electronics, and luxury items
middle class
situation that rises when a worker must take a job that requires less skill than her or she possesses
underemployment
person who receives regular payments from the government because he or she is too old or sick to work
pensioner
manufacturer of goods, such as machinery, mining equipment, and steel
heavy industry
a manufacturer of consumer goods such as clothing, shoes, furniture, and household items.
light industry
order issued by a leader that has the force of the law
decree
member of a small ruling group that holds great power
oligarch
government plan that promises to repay people who deposit their money in a bank in the bank should go out of business
deposit insurance
campaign by members of an ethnic group to break away from the national government and form an independent state
separatist movement
