test 2 vocab Flashcards
The process through which one comes to understand the natural world through the testing of hypotheses
Scientific method
the treatment, the variable that is administered to the experimental subjects
independent variable
The variables which must be held in check for both the experimental and control subjects
controlled variable
the variable which is expected to respond to the application of the independent variable. That which measured
dependent variable
the subjects that receive the independent variable (treatment)
experimental subject
the subjects that do not receive the independent variable
control subject
a possible, testable explanation for some observed phenomenon
hypothesis
constantly supported hyptheses, by way of results in experiments
theory
facts/data/measurement. Must be reproducible
results
A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to display data
bar graph
A graph that uses line segments to show changes that occur over time
line graph
they can be false; they are testable in a way that could be found false
falsifiable
the horizontal number line in a coordinate plane
x-axis
the vertical axis on a coordinate plane
y-axis
the smallest unit of life
cell
the study of cell structure and function
cytology
just focuses on the reactions in a cell which occur to keep the cell alive
cell physiology
made microscopes and discovered red blood cells, sperm, and “animal cules”
leeuwenhoek
introduces microscope to wealthy Britains. Saw box-like components of cork, called them “cellulae”
hooke
stated that all plants are made up of cells
schliedan
said that all animals are made up of cells
schwann
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms. All cells are composed from other cells.
virchow reproduction
Comprised of a variety of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Always in motion.
fluid mosaic model
filled with mostly cytoplasm. made up of: mostly water, proteins, and other solutes.
cell body
DNA found in nucleus. genes control cell growth and divison and cellular reactions
genes
small, nonpolar molecules may pass through the bilayer easily. Large, polar, and charged molecules may not pass through the lipid bilayer. Polar and charged molecules may pass with the assistance of transverse and peripheral proteins
selectively permeable membrane
the random mixing of particles that occurs in a solution as a result of the particle’s kinetic energy. Does not require an investment of energy to occur. There is a movement from high concentration to low concentration.
diffusion
A solute binds to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane. The transporter physically changes, it carries the solute across the membrane and releases it on the other side.
facilitated diffusion
net movement of solvent (water) through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Water moves through the bilayer and aquaporins.
osmosis
A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.
aquaporin
Where the solution of the environment has a higher solute concentration than the solute concentration on the other side of the membrane
hypertonic solution
the solution of the environment has a lower solute concentration than the solute concentration on the other side of the membrane
hypotonic solution
a solution in which the solutes on opposite sides of a membrane are in equal concentration
isotonic solution
an energy-requiring process where the transporter protein moves solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient. The 2 sources of energy that drive this are ATP hydrolysis and energy stored in ionic concentration gradient.
active transport
using water to break ATP. When ATP is broken, energy is released.
ATP hydrolysis
Found near the nucleus. Organizes microtubules
centrosome
Is 9 clusters of 3 tubules. Aid in mitosis. Form basis of cilia and flagella
centriole
A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.
flagella
The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner
cilia
Sites of protein synthesis. Made up of 2 subunits. Some are free and others are membrane bound
ribosome
synthesizes steroids, fatty acids, phospholipids. Detoxify certain drugs through enzymes. Stores calcium needed for muscle contractions
smooth ER
Studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins
rough ER
Refines and packages the products of rough ER. Products are packaged in transport vesicles
golgi apparatus
Membrane bound spheres
vesicle
Sites of ATP synthesis in inner membrane. Contain cristae. Have their own DNA, identical to mother’s.
mitochondrion
Contain digestive enzymes to break down food. Found in cells that perform phagocytosis. Break down old, worn-out organelles
lysosome
Use oxygen to break down waste, forming peroxide. contains catalase to break down peroxide.
peroxisome
move substances within a cell
transport vesicle
Used in secreting substances from cells
secretory vesicle
“hold on to” certain substances within a cell
storage vesicle
Contains DNA, RNA, and nucleolus. It holds the genetic blueprint and is the site where information in DNA is copied into RNA. Is where protein formation initiated.
nucleus
Site of RNA synthesis
nucleolus
Hereditary information, with proteins It is a form of chromatin or chromosomes
DNA
Is single stranded copy of DNA
RNA
Chromosome tips that shorten with each mitosis. Provide a miotic clock. Do not contain genes.
telomere
Usually remains localized
benign tumor
Invasive and can metastasize, cancerous
malignant tumor
Activate other genes that increase cell division
oncogenes
Normally regulate mitosis; if inactivated they are unable to regulate mitosis
tumor suppressor genes
Can divide to form 2 new —- cells. Self-renewal. Can divide to form a stem cell and a progenitor cell. Totipotent and pluripotent.
stem cell
Committed cell, can divide to become any of a restricted number of cells; pluripotent.
progenitor cell
can give rise to every cell type
totipotent
a rare genetic disorder which results in stroke and dementia. is an an abbreviation that stands for Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes.
MELAS
genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. The most common form is infantile, which becomes apparent around three to six months of age, with the baby losing the ability to turn over, sit, or crawl
Tay-Sachs
deadly genetic disease that affects 1 in 18 000 people. It most severely affects boys and men. This brain disorder destroys myelin, the protective sheath that surrounds the brain’s neurons – the nerve cells that allow us to think and to control our muscles.
ALD
starts with the contracile ring, pinching the animal cell in 2; a cleavage furrow is evident
cell division
grainy, uncondensed chromosomal material.
chromatin
seen only during mitosis.
chromosome
Forms body cells. Coined by Alexander Flemming. Where chromatin condenses into chromosomes/segregate into 2 separate nuclei.
mitosis
Forms sex cells
meiosis
division of nucleus and DNA. Formation of 2 separate membranes, and so, 2 daughter cells.
cytokinesis
indicates cytokinesis
cleavage furrow
Starts cell division. Cytokines depend on proteins for this.
contracile ring
Limits the number of divisions. Mature cells divide less rapidly. Apoptosis.
cell senescence
Natural cell death
apoptosis
In mitosis a cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. It is important that the daughter cells have a copy of every chromosome, so the process involves copying the chromosomes first and then carefully separating the copies to give each new cell a full set. Before mitosis, the chromosomes are copied.
daughter cell
Can give rise to a restricted number of cell types.
pluripotent
Proteins. Stimulate specific enzymes to move the cell into the next phase (moving the cell towards mitosis and cytokinesis).
cytokines
Looks at how water moves from one compartment to the next. Affected by relative solute concentrations.
water potential
based on mechanical pressure, and is an important component of the total water potential within plant cells. Pressure potential increases as water enters a cell. The pressure potential in a plant cell is usually positive. In plasmolysed cells,pressure potential is almost zero.
pressure potential
It happens because solute molecules are present. It is always negative since solutes lower the water potential of the system.
solute potential
