Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ap bio > test 2 vocab > Flashcards

test 2 vocab Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The process through which one comes to understand the natural world through the testing of hypotheses

A

Scientific method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the treatment, the variable that is administered to the experimental subjects

A

independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The variables which must be held in check for both the experimental and control subjects

A

controlled variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the variable which is expected to respond to the application of the independent variable. That which measured

A

dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the subjects that receive the independent variable (treatment)

A

experimental subject

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the subjects that do not receive the independent variable

A

control subject

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

a possible, testable explanation for some observed phenomenon

A

hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

constantly supported hyptheses, by way of results in experiments

A

theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

facts/data/measurement. Must be reproducible

A

results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to display data

A

bar graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A graph that uses line segments to show changes that occur over time

A

line graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

they can be false; they are testable in a way that could be found false

A

falsifiable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the horizontal number line in a coordinate plane

A

x-axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the vertical axis on a coordinate plane

A

y-axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the smallest unit of life

A

cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the study of cell structure and function

A

cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

just focuses on the reactions in a cell which occur to keep the cell alive

A

cell physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

made microscopes and discovered red blood cells, sperm, and “animal cules”

A

leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

introduces microscope to wealthy Britains. Saw box-like components of cork, called them “cellulae”

A

hooke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stated that all plants are made up of cells

A

schliedan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

said that all animals are made up of cells

A

schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms. All cells are composed from other cells.

A

virchow reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Comprised of a variety of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Always in motion.

A

fluid mosaic model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

filled with mostly cytoplasm. made up of: mostly water, proteins, and other solutes.

A

cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

DNA found in nucleus. genes control cell growth and divison and cellular reactions

A

genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

small, nonpolar molecules may pass through the bilayer easily. Large, polar, and charged molecules may not pass through the lipid bilayer. Polar and charged molecules may pass with the assistance of transverse and peripheral proteins

A

selectively permeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the random mixing of particles that occurs in a solution as a result of the particle’s kinetic energy. Does not require an investment of energy to occur. There is a movement from high concentration to low concentration.

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A solute binds to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane. The transporter physically changes, it carries the solute across the membrane and releases it on the other side.

A

facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

net movement of solvent (water) through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Water moves through the bilayer and aquaporins.

A

osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.

A

aquaporin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where the solution of the environment has a higher solute concentration than the solute concentration on the other side of the membrane

A

hypertonic solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the solution of the environment has a lower solute concentration than the solute concentration on the other side of the membrane

A

hypotonic solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

a solution in which the solutes on opposite sides of a membrane are in equal concentration

A

isotonic solution

34
Q

an energy-requiring process where the transporter protein moves solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient. The 2 sources of energy that drive this are ATP hydrolysis and energy stored in ionic concentration gradient.

A

active transport

35
Q

using water to break ATP. When ATP is broken, energy is released.

A

ATP hydrolysis

36
Q

Found near the nucleus. Organizes microtubules

A

centrosome

37
Q

Is 9 clusters of 3 tubules. Aid in mitosis. Form basis of cilia and flagella

A

centriole

38
Q

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.

A

flagella

39
Q

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner

A

cilia

40
Q

Sites of protein synthesis. Made up of 2 subunits. Some are free and others are membrane bound

A

ribosome

41
Q

synthesizes steroids, fatty acids, phospholipids. Detoxify certain drugs through enzymes. Stores calcium needed for muscle contractions

A

smooth ER

42
Q

Studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins

A

rough ER

43
Q

Refines and packages the products of rough ER. Products are packaged in transport vesicles

A

golgi apparatus

44
Q

Membrane bound spheres

A

vesicle

45
Q

Sites of ATP synthesis in inner membrane. Contain cristae. Have their own DNA, identical to mother’s.

A

mitochondrion

46
Q

Contain digestive enzymes to break down food. Found in cells that perform phagocytosis. Break down old, worn-out organelles

A

lysosome

47
Q

Use oxygen to break down waste, forming peroxide. contains catalase to break down peroxide.

A

peroxisome

48
Q

move substances within a cell

A

transport vesicle

49
Q

Used in secreting substances from cells

A

secretory vesicle

50
Q

“hold on to” certain substances within a cell

A

storage vesicle

51
Q

Contains DNA, RNA, and nucleolus. It holds the genetic blueprint and is the site where information in DNA is copied into RNA. Is where protein formation initiated.

A

nucleus

52
Q

Site of RNA synthesis

A

nucleolus

53
Q

Hereditary information, with proteins It is a form of chromatin or chromosomes

A

DNA

54
Q

Is single stranded copy of DNA

A

RNA

55
Q

Chromosome tips that shorten with each mitosis. Provide a miotic clock. Do not contain genes.

A

telomere

56
Q

Usually remains localized

A

benign tumor

57
Q

Invasive and can metastasize, cancerous

A

malignant tumor

58
Q

Activate other genes that increase cell division

A

oncogenes

59
Q

Normally regulate mitosis; if inactivated they are unable to regulate mitosis

A

tumor suppressor genes

60
Q

Can divide to form 2 new —- cells. Self-renewal. Can divide to form a stem cell and a progenitor cell. Totipotent and pluripotent.

A

stem cell

61
Q

Committed cell, can divide to become any of a restricted number of cells; pluripotent.

A

progenitor cell

62
Q

can give rise to every cell type

A

totipotent

63
Q

a rare genetic disorder which results in stroke and dementia. is an an abbreviation that stands for Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes.

A

MELAS

64
Q

genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. The most common form is infantile, which becomes apparent around three to six months of age, with the baby losing the ability to turn over, sit, or crawl

A

Tay-Sachs

65
Q

deadly genetic disease that affects 1 in 18 000 people. It most severely affects boys and men. This brain disorder destroys myelin, the protective sheath that surrounds the brain’s neurons – the nerve cells that allow us to think and to control our muscles.

A

ALD

66
Q

starts with the contracile ring, pinching the animal cell in 2; a cleavage furrow is evident

A

cell division

67
Q

grainy, uncondensed chromosomal material.

A

chromatin

68
Q

seen only during mitosis.

A

chromosome

69
Q

Forms body cells. Coined by Alexander Flemming. Where chromatin condenses into chromosomes/segregate into 2 separate nuclei.

A

mitosis

70
Q

Forms sex cells

A

meiosis

71
Q

division of nucleus and DNA. Formation of 2 separate membranes, and so, 2 daughter cells.

A

cytokinesis

72
Q

indicates cytokinesis

A

cleavage furrow

73
Q

Starts cell division. Cytokines depend on proteins for this.

A

contracile ring

74
Q

Limits the number of divisions. Mature cells divide less rapidly. Apoptosis.

A

cell senescence

75
Q

Natural cell death

A

apoptosis

76
Q

In mitosis a cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. It is important that the daughter cells have a copy of every chromosome, so the process involves copying the chromosomes first and then carefully separating the copies to give each new cell a full set. Before mitosis, the chromosomes are copied.

A

daughter cell

77
Q

Can give rise to a restricted number of cell types.

A

pluripotent

78
Q

Proteins. Stimulate specific enzymes to move the cell into the next phase (moving the cell towards mitosis and cytokinesis).

A

cytokines

79
Q

Looks at how water moves from one compartment to the next. Affected by relative solute concentrations.

A

water potential

80
Q

based on mechanical pressure, and is an important component of the total water potential within plant cells. Pressure potential increases as water enters a cell. The pressure potential in a plant cell is usually positive. In plasmolysed cells,pressure potential is almost zero.

A

pressure potential

81
Q

It happens because solute molecules are present. It is always negative since solutes lower the water potential of the system.

A

solute potential

ap bio (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions