Test 2: Utilitarianism, Deontology, & Feminist Ethics

Question 1

Which of the following was not one of the founders of utilitarianism?

a. James Mill
b. Jeremy Bentham
c. John Stuart Mill
d. Rene Descartes

Answer 1

d. Rene Descartes

Question 2

The trolley problem is used to illustrate which of the following?

a. The complexity of calculating morality using a cost-benefit analysis.
b. The difficulty involved in making utilitarian decisions.
c. The morality of public vs. private transportation.
d. The basis of rule utilitarianism.

Answer 2

a. The complexity of calculating morality using a cost-benefit analysis.

Question 3

According to utilitarianism which of the following is an intrinsic good?

a. Love
b. Justice
c. Pleasure
d. Power

Answer 3

c. Pleasure

Question 4

Which of the following is not included in calculating the amount of happiness?

a. Cost
b. Intensity
c. Likelihood
d. Duration

Answer 4

a. Cost

Question 5

According to utilitarianism which of the following is useful for evaluating the
morality of an action?
a. People’s intentions
b. The nature of the act
c. The process of accomplishing the result
d. The result

Answer 5

d. The result

Question 6

Which of the following is not necessary to act morally according to
utilitarianism?
a. To consider all the variables involved in an action.
b. To act as the majority wishes.
c. To consider all people to be of equal value.
d. To produce a result that produces the greatest good for the greatest number.

Answer 6

b. To act as the majority wishes.

Question 7

Rule Utilitarianism asks that we consider the consequences of each act

a. Separately.
b. According to a clear set of rules.
c. As a general practice.
d. On the greatest number.

Answer 7

c. As a general practice.

Question 8

Jeremy Bentham’s concept of utilitarianism is simply to maximize pleasure
and:
A. avoid evil B. please the majority
C. minimize suffering D. please the minority

Answer 8

C. minimize suffering

Question 9

An ethical system that judges an action based its CONSEQUENCES:
A. virture-based B. Deontological
C. action-based D. Teleological

Answer 9

D. Teleological

Question 10

Jeremy Bentham invented this scheme to measure pleasure and pain to assist in
making proper decisions. He called it:
A. pleasure tester B. hedonic calculus
C. consequence calculus D. pleasure measure

Answer 10

B. hedonic calculus

Question 11

Utilitarians and Consequentialists seem to provide a very strong philosophical
justification for the notion that we have obligations to which of the following?
A. future generations B. termites
C. ourselves D. those in our family

Answer 11

A. future generations

Question 12

A form of utilitarianism that focuses on a set of rules that bring about the best
end:
A. rule B. critical
C. no rest D. social

Answer 12

A. rule

Question 13

Of which kind of reasoning, Act (A) or Rule (R) Utilitarianism, are the following examples? Please fill in “A” in your answer sheet for Act Utilitarianism and “B” for Rule Utilitarianism.

Answer 13

Of which kind of reasoning, Act (A) or Rule (R) Utilitarianism, are the following examples? Please fill in “A” in your answer sheet for Act Utilitarianism and “B” for Rule Utilitarianism.

Question 14

If everyone cut in that line, then there would be chaos and that would be bad, so
I ought not cut in the line but go to the end.

Answer 14

R (B)

Question 15

I ought to get more sleep because if I don’t I will be no good to myself or others

Answer 15

(A)

Question 16

We ought to observe copyright rules because if we did not then no one’s
intellectual property would be safe and this would be a very bad outcome

Answer 16

R (B)

Question 17

What is the name of the basic principle of utilitarianism? How is it supposed to
be useful in determining what I ought to do?

Answer 17

It is called either “The Greatest Happiness Principle” or “The Principle of Utility.” We are supposed to consider the likely results of our actions (or practices, if rule utilitarianism), and then choose that with the greatest net overall good.

Question 18

When is something considered instrumentally good? Provide an example.

Answer 18

Something is instrumentally good when its goodness is determined by its usefulness in producing or bringing about something else. An example of an instrumentally good item is money. It is not good in and of itself, but it’s good because of what it can bring about.

Question 19

Label as the better choice on utilitarian calculations, A or B, using a scale of -10 (very painful) to +10 (very pleasurable) for degrees of pleasure or happiness.

Answer 19

Label as the better choice on utilitarian calculations, A or B, using a scale of -10 (very painful) to +10 (very pleasurable) for degrees of pleasure or happiness.

Question 20

A makes 10 people very happy and 2 people very unhappy,

B makes 8 people moderately happy and 1 person mildly unhappy

Answer 20

A

Question 21

A will bring 5 people each 8 days of pleasure and 3 people each 2 days of pain
B will bring 8 people each 3 days of pleasure and 1 person 3 days of pain.

Answer 21

A

Question 22

The reason that Mill believes pleasure is the only intrinsic good is because he
believes it is the only thing that everyone desires for its own sake

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Utilitarianism is an egoistic moral theory

Answer 23

False

Question 24

The following is an example of the reasoning of a rule utilitarian: “If the practice
of lying is bad, then one ought not to lie now, even if in this case to lie would
actually bring about better consequences.”

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Both Bentham and Mill hold that some pleasures are better in kind than others.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

According to utilitarianism, an act that makes some people happy and others
unhappy can never be morally right

Answer 26

False

Question 27

Utilitarianism is a relativistic moral theory, for it recognizes that what is good in
Some circumstances is not always good in others

Answer 27

False

Question 28

In his Utilitarianism Mill answers those who say that his theory is a crass
pleasure theory fit only for beasts by noting that though it is a pleasure theory, it
acknowledges a wide variety of pleasures including those that only humans can
experience.

Answer 28

False

Question 29

According to Bentham, some pleasures may be more valuable than others but
only in so far as they are of greater intensity or duration

Answer 29

True

Question 30

According to act utilitarianism, if it produces more net utility or pleasure to give
money that I had promised to return to a friend to famine relief instead, then I
ought to give it to the relief fund.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

According to Mill, the only way to prove that something is desirable in itself (as
an end) is to notice that people do desire it

Answer 31

True

Question 32

In his work, Utilitarianism, Mill’s test or basis for distinguishing higher from
Lower pleasures is the preference of those who have experience of both

Answer 32

True

Question 33

. According to utilitarian moral theory, happiness is an instrumental good

Answer 33

False

Question 34

Critics of Mill’s view of Utilitarianism claim that his system is both too simple
and too complex.

Answer 34

False this is true for Bentham’s version Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 104

Question 35

Mill defines happiness based on pain and pleasure.

Answer 35

False, Bentham does this Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 103

Question 36

One of the strengths of Utilitarianism is its simplicity.

Answer 36

True Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 107

Question 37

One of the weaknesses of Utilitarianism is simply putting together a theory of
Utilitarianism.

Answer 37

True, difficult to “formulate” Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 109.

Question 38

One of the weaknesses of Utilitarianism is that if one actually carried out its
logical implications, one would never sleep!

Answer 38

True Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 112

Question 39

Utilitarianism leads to moral absolutism.

Answer 39

False, Moral relativism – different values in different societies. Pojman &
Fieser, 2012, pp. 113-114

Question 40

Utilitarianism implies that truth-telling and personal integrity are NOT
absolute values.

Answer 40

True, Pojman & Fieser, 2012, pp. 114-116

Question 41

“Act only on that maxim you can will to become universal law” is known as
which form of Kant’s categorical imperative?
a. First
b. Second
c. Only
d. Third

Answer 41

a. First

Question 42

Hypothetical imperatives are

a. Complicated philosophical constructs seeking to arrive at moral goal.
b. Like suggesting we should use what works to arrive at a goal.
c. Actions that, in theory, should always be taken given certain circumstances
d. Actions all people should take to arrive at the same goal.

Answer 42

b. Like suggesting we should use what works to arrive at a goal.

Question 43

A good paraphrase of Kant’s second form of the categorical imperative is

a. Think before you act.
b. Treat others as well as you can without denying yourself what you need.
c. Treat yourself well but watch out for others also.
d. Don

’

t use people unless it is in their best interest.

Answer 43

d. Don’t use people unless it is in their best interest.

Question 44

According to MacKinnon, which of the following was one of main two questions 
           Kant asked?
 	a. 	What ought I do?
 	b. 	How do I choose right action?
 	c. 	Why should I act?
 	d. 	How important are people?

Answer 44

a. What ought I do?

Question 45

Moral “oughts” are all of the following EXCEPT

a. Unconditional.
b. Anchored in the fact that all people are alike as persons.
c. Necessary.
d. Supported by laws.

Answer 45

d. Supported by laws.

Question 46

The illustration in the beginning of chapter five suggests using humans as
“guinea pigs” was immoral because
a. The experiment was performed on African-American men.
b. The experiment was unsuccessful and a lot of people were hurt.
c. The persons in the experiment had not consented to the study.
d. People should never be used for scientific research.

Answer 46

c. The persons in the experiment had not consented to the study.

Question 47

According to Kant, we are morally responsible for which of the following?

a. For people

’

s understandings of our actions.
b. For anticipating the effect of our action.
c. For the actual result of our action.
d. For our motive to do good or bad.

Answer 47

d. For our motive to do good or bad.

Question 48

According to Kant, the HIGHEST moral activity happens as a result of

a. Acting out of a will to do the right thing.
b. Putting the rights of others before our own rights.
c. Acting in ways that benefit everyone.
d. Acting to prevent harm.

Answer 48

a. Acting out of a will to do the right thing.

Question 49

According to Kant, what has the highest intrinsic value?

a. Beauty
b. Justice
c. People
d. Happiness

Answer 49

c. People

Question 50

For David Hume and John Locke, the human mind is an empty slate upon which
experience imposes lessons to us. The mind in this case is termed which of the
following?
A. tabula rasa B. empty container
C. blank view D. mens rea

Answer 50

A. tabula rasa

Question 51

Thomas Aquinas, a medieval law philosopher, argued that humans have a
special mental process which is able to give us a general knowledge of good
morals. This process is known as:
A. deryisys B. moral virtues
C. tabula rasa D. synderesis

Answer 51

D. synderesis

Question 52

For Immanuel Kant the only acts that can truly be considered morally valuable
acts are those actions that are accompanied by:
A. our faith in God B. our intense inner reflection
C. a good will D. a determined will to power

Answer 52

C. a good will

Question 53

Kant’s formulation for the Categorical Imperative that believes each person is a
rational being and has dignity and profound worth, that he or she must never be
exploited or manipulated or merely used as a means to our idea of what is for the
general good, is termed:
A. Our faith in God B. Principle of Heteronomy
C. Principle of Ends D. Principle of Nature

Answer 53

C. Principle of Ends

Question 54

The theory of Prima Facie was advocated by philosopher William D. Ross. It
includes seven moral duties that are tentatively binding on us until one duty
conflicts with another and becomes what kind of duty?:
A. real duty B. actual
C. harmful D. useful

Answer 54

B. actual

Question 55

For Immanuel Kant, a universally applicable principle of conduct that is correct
for each and every situation to be done by each and every individual is termed
which of the following?

A. The hypothetical imperative,
B. the categorical imperative,
C. the maximum imperative,
D. the universal imperative

Answer 55

B. the categorical imperative,

Question 56

. Kant believed that we do not have any obligations to animals because they:
A.	 are annoying and not worth attention
B.	are able to be replaced by machine
C.	are only emotionally sensible
D.	are not rational beings

Answer 56

D. are not rational beings

Question 57

Immanuel Kant believed that humans do not need an external authority such
as God to determine the nature of moral law. He termed this what?
A. principle of heteronomy
B. principle of imperatives
C. principle of autonomy
D. principle of judgment

Answer 57

C. principle of autonomy

Question 58

Label as Hypothetical (H) or Categorical (C) imperatives. Please fill in the “A” bubble for the Hypothetical Imperative and the “B” bubble for the Categorical Imperative

Answer 58

Label as Hypothetical (H) or Categorical (C) imperatives. Please fill in the “A” bubble for the Hypothetical Imperative and the “B” bubble for the Categorical Imperative

Question 59

If I want to achieve fame and fortune I should work for it.

Answer 59

H (A)

Question 60

I should vote for this proposal so that the others will later vote for mine.

Answer 60

H (A)

Question 61

I ought to tell the truth because the only way I could lie and get away with it is
if people generally are honest. I would be expecting others then to behave in
ways that I myself would not.

Answer 61

C (B)

Question 62

Whether or not you want to tell her the truth, you ought to do so

Answer 62

C (B)

Question 63

State two practical differences between a perfect and an imperfect duty.

Answer 63

One difference is that perfect duties take precedence over imperfect duties. Another is that the perfect duty admits to no exceptions, while in practice, we can choose how to carry out our imperfect duties.

Question 64

Compare the principle of utility as a consequentialist moral principle with the
categorical imperative as a non-consequentialist moral principle.

Answer 64

The principle of utility is a consequentialist moral principle because it tells us to choose those acts or practices that have the best results or consequences. The categorical imperative is a nonconsequentialist moral principle because it does not judge actions on the basis of their consequences but on the basis of whether they are able to be rationally willed as universal practices or whether they use persons. If any acts are not universalizable or they do use persons, they are wrong even if they bring about good results or consequences.

Question 65

The reason why it is wrong to make a lying promise, according to Kant, is
because this act cannot be willed as a general practice without contradiction

Answer 65

True

Question 66

According to Kant, to act with a “good will” means to do what will benefit
others.

Answer 66

False

Question 67

According to Kant, moral obligations are hypothetical in nature.

Answer 67

False

Question 68

According to Kant, an obligation or “ought” is categorical when it is something
we ought to do in order to achieve some ends or goals that we have.

Answer 68

False

Question 69

According to Kant, one can do what is right and that action still may not have
“moral worth.”

Answer 69

True

Question 70

According to Kant, because persons are ends they ought not to be used as means
to ends.

Answer 70

False

Question 71

According to Kant the moral worth of an act is determined by its consequences

Answer 71

False

Question 72

According to Kant, the shopkeeper who charges an equal price of all her
customers because she likes them is acting “out of duty.”

Answer 72

False

Question 73

Kant’s first form of the categorical imperative is derived from the nature of
moral obligation as universally binding.

Answer 73

True

Question 74

Deontology is the view that certain features in the act itself have value

Answer 74

False,

“certain features in the act itself have value” Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 102

Question 75

Considering Pufendorf’s three moral duties, Kant makes them all moral in
nature.

Answer 75

False, our duties to God are religious, not moral Pojman & Fieser,
2012, p. 126

Question 76

According to Kant, the good will is absolutely good without qualification

Answer 76

True, Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 127.

Question 77

One of the criticism(s) of Kant’s view of the good will is sometimes the good
will can be put to bad use.

Answer 77

True, Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 127

Question 78

Ross’s “Prima Facie Solution” transforms Kant’s modest objectivism into
absolutism.

Answer 78

False, it’s the other way around Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 141.

Question 79

In response to empiricists, Kant wanted to show that morality was necessary.

Answer 79

False Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 123; Pojman & Fieser, 2012, pp. 103-104

Question 80

Joseph Butler’s view of Act-Intutionism can be compared to the advice, “Let
your conscience be your guide.”

Answer 80

True, Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 124

Question 81

One of the problems of Act-intutionism is that different people could have
different intuitions.

Answer 81

True, Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 124

Question 82

One of the criticism(s) of Kant’s view of the good will is sometimes the good
will can be put to bad use.

Answer 82

True, Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 127

Question 83

One of Kant’s examples of “practical contradictions” is committing suicide. We
cannot universally will, for if we did, all people would commit suicide

Answer 83

True,

Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 131

Question 84

Your teacher believes that you should not cheat even though you could
rationalize it using Kant’s Categorical Imperative.

Answer 84

True, Pojman & Fieser, 2012,

pp. 132-133

Question 85

According to Noddings the language of ethics has primarily been the language of
          the
 	a. 	Mother.
 	b. 	Father.
 	c. 	Caregiver.
 	d. 	Children.

Answer 85

b. Father.

Question 86

Who thought that women were inferior to men morally?

a. Gilligan
b. Noddings
c. Greeno and Maccoby
d. Freud

Answer 86

d. Freud

Question 87

Who argues that it is because women spend too much of their lives mothering
that women develop a morality consistent with this experience?
a. Noddings
b. Ruddick
c. Whitbeck
d. Gilligan

Answer 87

b. Ruddick

Question 88

Wollstonecraft argues that women and men are ___________________.
A. fundamentally the same morally but not psychologically
B. fundamentally the same morally and psychologically
C. fundamentally the same psychologically but not morally
D. fundamentally different morally and psychologically

Answer 88

B. fundamentally the same morally and psychologically

Question 89

Which of the following is not one of the several common themes surrounding
an ethics of care?
A. Women see their personal identities as deeply interconnected with
other people.
B. Women see morality as a function of vulnerability and dependency.
C. Women focus on abstract principles surrounding moral situations.
D. Women see morality within the context of close personal relationship

Answer 89

C. Women focus on abstract principles surrounding moral situations.

Question 90

According to Pojman & Feiser, if the separate-but-equal option were instituted it
could lead to:
A. improved treatment and empowerment of women.
B. removal of moral stigma for women doing more male-oriented roles.
C. challenging traditional gender roles.
D. disastrous consequences for women.

Answer 90

D. disastrous consequences for women.

Question 91

Who emphasized the need of women to be sexually appealing to men?		
A.     Aristotle
		B.     Rousseau
		C.     Wollstonecraft
		D.     Kant

Answer 91

B. Rousseau

Question 92

Carol Gilligan argues that ________ the central component of female ethics. A. justice is
B. care is
C. rights are
D. rule-following is

Answer 92

B. care is

Question 93

Pojman & Feiser discuss four options regarding gender and ethics which
include all of the following except the ________
A. gender-neutral option
B. male-only option
C. morally inclusive option
D. separate-but-equal option

Answer 93

A. gender-neutral option

Question 94

Moral differences between men and women for Wollstonecraft ________. A. are a result of social construction
B. are a product of biological instinct
C. do not exist
D. are from psychological differences

Answer 94

C. do not exist

Question 95

Noddings argued that the care value is best expressed as ________. A. a virtue
B. a duty
C. an intertwining of moral virtues and duties
D. a feeling

Answer 95

A. a virtue

Question 96

A recent study of rhesus monkeys suggests that there is a ________ basis for the
toys that boys and girls prefer.
A. hormonal
B. psychological
C. moral
D. social

Answer 96

A. hormonal

Question 97

Pojman & Feiser suggests the female “golden rule” could be:
A. “Treat others as strangers in need, without violating principles of
justice.”
B. “Treat others as strangers in need, without violating principles of
care.”
C. “Treat others as friends in need, without violating principles of
justice.”
D. “Treat others as friends in need, without violating principles of care.”

Answer 97

C. “Treat others as friends in need, without violating principles of justice.”

Question 98

Carol Gilligan argues that in moral views, men usually emphasize rights and
principles, whereas women place more importance on:
A. the individual actors and actions.
B. the relationships among the actors only.
C. the relationships among the actors only.
D. the particular details of the situation.

Answer 98

C. the relationships among the actors only.

Question 99

The theory of which care-ethics is a part of which states that morality always
involves certain relations with certain people, rather than lifeless abstractions, is
known as:
A. moral certainty.
B. immoral certainty.
C. moral particularism.
D. immoral particularism.

Answer 99

C. moral particularism.

Question 100

Who gives five criticisms of traditional male-oriented ethics, including the
criticism that traditional ethics denies the moral agency of women?
A Wollstonecraf
B. Noddings
C. Jaggar
D. Gilligan

Answer 100

C. Jaggar

Question 101

Carol Gilligan’s research supports the research and findings of Lawrence
Kohlberg.

Answer 101

False

Question 102

Today feminist ethics is distinguished from an ethics of care that is sometimes
called feminine ethics.

Answer 102

True

Question 103

. The two parties to the relation of caring for Noddings are the “one-caring” and
the “cared-for.”

Answer 103

True

Question 104

For Baier the tradition of rights has only worked against women and not for
women.

Answer 104

False

Question 105

Some questions have been raised about the ethics of care including the idea that
not all mothers are caring and nurturing.

Answer 105

True

Question 106

Ethics of care argues that there is a female moral perspective that contrasts
sharply with the male moral perspective.

Answer 106

True

Question 107

Traditional moral philosophy has been favorable to women as evidenced by the
views of Rousseau and Aristotle.

Answer 107

False

Question 108

. One reason why male and female morality may differ from each other is
biological differences between males and females.

Answer 108

True

Question 109

Psychologist Carol Gilligan interviewed both male and female subjects and
found there was no difference in their moral reasoning.

Answer 109

False

Question 110

The fourth feature of the Gilligan challenge to liberal orthodoxy according to
Baier is a challenge to its typical rationalism

Answer 110

True

Question 111

According to ethics of care, the female moral perspective takes a more universal
and impartial standpoint in reasoning about what is morally good and bad.

Answer 111

False

Question 112

. For Baier the best moral theory must not be a cooperative product of women
and men but must primarily focus on an ethics of care.

Answer 112

False

Question 113

The “third wave” of feminism addresses the problem of diversity in dealing
with women’s issues.

Answer 113

True

Question 114

Ethics of care does not tell us how we are to determine what will help or harm
particular individuals.

Answer 114

True