test 2 terms

Question 1

Acrosome

Answer 1

an oval-shaped head with a cap-like covering called the acrosome. The acrosome contains enzymes that break down the outer membrane of an egg cell, allowing the sperm to fertilize the egg

Question 2

Androstenedione

Answer 2

Granulosa cells
* Stimulated by FSH
* Convert androsteredione to estrogen
* FSH causes cells to make receptors to LH
make estrogen and progesterone

Question 3

Anterior pituitary

Answer 3

the hypothalamus sends a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to the anterior pituitary. This causes the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary into the blood. and stimulates the ovulation cycle

Question 4

Antrum

Answer 4

It is a cavity around the ova that develops in the development of the Graafian follicle. This is also called the follicular antrum. It provides the required environment for the development of the oocyte. It is the combination of blood plasma and secretory product of granulosa and theca cells.

Question 5

What type of follicle has an antrum?

Answer 5

The secondary follicles look very similar to primary follicles, except that they are larger, there are more follicular cells, and there are small accumulations of fluid in the intracellular spaces called follicular fluid (nutritive fluid for the oocyte). These gradually coalesce to form an antrum.

Question 6

Anus

Answer 6

The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It’s at the end of the rectum. It’s where stool comes out of the body. It consists of a muscular ring (called a sphincter) that opens during a bowel movement to allow stool (feces) to pass through, as well as flat cells that line the inside of the anus.

Question 7

uterus

Answer 7

the part of the female reproductive system in which a baby grows. It is above the vagina, between the bladder and rectum.

Question 8

Atresia

Answer 8

A condition in which an orifice or passage in the body is (usually abnormally) closed or absent
Esophageal atresia is a birth defect in which part of a baby’s esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach) does not develop properly

Question 9

Bartholin’s gland

Answer 9

Glands are located on each side of the vaginal opening. These glands secrete fluid that helps lubricate the vagina. Sometimes the openings of these glands become obstructed, causing fluid to back up into the gland. The result is relatively painless swelling called a Bartholin’s cyst.

Question 10

Bladder

Answer 10

located in the lower abdomen The bladder’s walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra.

Question 11

Capacitation

Answer 11

Capacitation is the sperm activation process in mammals that occurs in the female reproductive tract. In the female reproductive tract, some secretion destabilizes the acrosomal part and activates sperm to penetrate the egg and fertilize the ovum.

Question 12

Cervical cap

Answer 12

The cervical cap keeps sperm from entering the uterus by covering the cervix. For added protection, spermicide is put into the cap before inserting the cap snugly over the cervix

Question 13

cervix

Answer 13

Your cervix is a muscular, tunnel-like organ. It’s the lower part of your uterus, and it connects your uterus and vagina. Sometimes called the “neck of the uterus,” your cervix plays an important role in allowing fluids to pass between your uterus and vagina.

Question 14

Cervicovaginal mucus

Answer 14

Cervicovaginal mucus is a complex hydrogel that contains, in addition to water and GFMs, a mixture of proteins and molecules that are secreted by the host cells and vaginal flora.

Question 15

Chlamydia

Answer 15

Caused by a bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
that reproduces inside the cells that line the
reproductive tract in men and women
Most commonly contracted sexually transmitted disease
* There may not be symptoms of infection
Mild or no symptoms (75% of women and
50% of men have no symptoms)
* Infects reproductive tract, urinary tract and
eyes (can cause blindness)
* Mild burning on urination and some discharge in men – can infect prostate and epididymis* Vaginal discharge and urinary tract sensations in women

Question 16

Cilia

Answer 16

Besides the cells that secrete fluids, the mucous membrane contains cells that have fine hairlike structures called cilia; the cilia help to move the egg and sperm through the fallopian tubes.
Fimbriae near the ovary catch the released oocyte, which is waved along the tube by cilia

Question 17

Corona radiata

Answer 17

The corona radiata is an outer layer of follicular (granulosa) cells that form around a developing oocyte in the ovary and remain with it upon ovulation.

Question 18

Corpus albicans

Answer 18

In the absence of pregnancy, the corpus luteum normally collapses and is eventually replaced by hyaline connective tissue to form the corpus albicans.
an ovarian scar composed of connective tissue that forms after the corpus luteum degenerates

Question 19

Corpus luteum

Answer 19

Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone and also some amounts of estrogen and inhibin A. The progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum helps in maintaining the endometrium for implantation and pregnancy. Corpus luteum is formed in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

Question 20

Diaphragm

Answer 20

A diaphragm or cap is a barrier method of contraception. It fits inside your vagina and prevents sperm passing through the cervix (the entrance of your womb).

Question 21

Ectopic pregnancy

Answer 21

when a fertilized egg implants itself outside of the womb, usually in one of the fallopian tubes. The fallopian tubes are the tubes connecting the ovaries to the womb. If an egg gets stuck in them, it won’t develop into a baby and your health may be at risk if the pregnancy continues.

Question 22

Ejaculatory inevitability

Answer 22

Orgasm. Men ejaculate semen during this stage

Question 23

Elementary Body

Answer 23

Chlamydia
2 forms in life cycle: – Elementary Body is infectious form
Elementary Body (EB) establishes contact with the “host” cell
Causes the cell to envelope it –creates an ideal environment for reproduction inside cell
* Converts to Reticulate Body (RB)* RB divides every 2-3 hours for 7-21 days
* RB converts to infectious EB form* EB released from cell to infect
more cells

Question 24

Reticulate Body

Answer 24

Chlamydia
2 forms in life cycle: Reticulate Body is form that replicates itself
Elementary Body (EB) establishes contact with the “host” cell
* Causes the cell to envelope it –creates an ideal environment for reproduction inside cell
* Converts to Reticulate Body (RB)* RB divides every 2-3 hours for 7-21 days
* RB converts to infectious EB form* EB released from cell to infect
more cells

Question 25

Emergency contraception

Answer 25

Delays ovulation
* Progestin - Levonorgestrel
* Used in cases of unprotected intercourse, or
failure of another method to avoid unwanted
pregnancy

Question 26

Endometrium

Answer 26

The endometrium is the inner lining of your uterus. This tissue is what you shed during a menstrual period

Question 27

Endometriosis

Answer 27

Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. It can cause severe pain in the pelvis and make it harder to get pregnant. Endometriosis can start at a person’s first menstrual period and last until menopause.

Question 28

Epithelial cells

Answer 28

A specialized cell that makes up the epithelium (a layer of cells that makes up the surface of the skin, and lines cavities, glands and passages in the body). Some epithelial cells make mucus, hormones or other secretions.

Question 29

Estrogen

Answer 29

Estrogens are a group of hormones that play an important role in the normal sexual and reproductive development in women. They are also sex hormones. The woman’s ovaries make most estrogen hormones

Question 30

Excitement phase (general)

Answer 30

Initiated by physical and psychological stimuli* Blood flow routed to the pelvic area (vasocongestion)
* Erection of penis/clitoris, vaginal lubrication
* Body reactions build to a particular level

Question 31

Excitement phase (Female)

Answer 31

Increased blood flow to the pelvis (vasocongestion)
* Darkening of vaginal walls
* Seeping of fluid (transudate) from underlying vaginal
tissues – blood plasma (water and proteins in blood from
vasocongestion) + vaginal epithelial cells – functions as a lubricant – alkaline (favourable to sperm)
* Erection of clitoris
* Labia enlarge
* Distension of upper third of vagina
* Uterus begins to pull up

Question 32

Excitement phase (male)

Answer 32

Blood to pelvic area – Erection of penis and widening of urethra – Thickening of scrotal tissue
* Testes/scrotum elevated towards body
* May have some secretion from bulbourethral gland

Question 33

Fertilization

Answer 33

Fertilization is a complex multi-step process that is complete in 24 hours. The sperm from a male meets an ovum from a female and forms a zygote
Fertilization usually takes place in a fallopian tube that links an ovary to the uterus. If the fertilized egg successfully travels down the fallopian tube and implants in the uterus, an embryo starts growing

Question 34

Fibroids

Answer 34

Fibroids are muscular tumors that grow in the wall of the uterus (womb). Fibroids are almost always benign (not cancerous). Not all women with fibroids have symptoms. Women who do have symptoms often find fibroids hard to live with. Some have pain and heavy menstrual bleeding. Treatment for uterine fibroids depends on your symptoms.

Question 35

Fimbriae

Answer 35

Fimbriae are finger-like projections on the ends of your fallopian tubes closest to your ovaries. Each month, your fimbriae catch the egg that one of your ovaries releases during ovulation. Your fimbriae then sweep the egg (ovum) into the fallopian tube where the egg can be fertilized

Question 36

Flibanserin

Answer 36

Flibanserin, sold under the brand name Addyi improves sexual desire, increases the number of satisfying sexual events, and decreases the distress associated with low sexual desire.

Question 37

Follicles

Answer 37

Follicles are fluid-filled sacs found in a woman’s ovaries. These sacs contain immature and developing eggs. When the follicle has grown to the correct size, it ruptures, releasing a mature egg for fertilization. For pregnancy to occur, sperm must fertilize the egg within 12 to 24 hours of its release.

Question 38

Follicle stimulating
hormone

Answer 38

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.
FSH causes cells to make receptors to LH
make estrogen and progesterone
FSH promotes development of follicles during the follicular phase