test 2 terms Flashcards
Acrosome
an oval-shaped head with a cap-like covering called the acrosome. The acrosome contains enzymes that break down the outer membrane of an egg cell, allowing the sperm to fertilize the egg
Androstenedione
Granulosa cells
* Stimulated by FSH
* Convert androsteredione to estrogen
* FSH causes cells to make receptors to LH
make estrogen and progesterone
Anterior pituitary
the hypothalamus sends a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to the anterior pituitary. This causes the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary into the blood. and stimulates the ovulation cycle
Antrum
It is a cavity around the ova that develops in the development of the Graafian follicle. This is also called the follicular antrum. It provides the required environment for the development of the oocyte. It is the combination of blood plasma and secretory product of granulosa and theca cells.
What type of follicle has an antrum?
The secondary follicles look very similar to primary follicles, except that they are larger, there are more follicular cells, and there are small accumulations of fluid in the intracellular spaces called follicular fluid (nutritive fluid for the oocyte). These gradually coalesce to form an antrum.
Anus
The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It’s at the end of the rectum. It’s where stool comes out of the body. It consists of a muscular ring (called a sphincter) that opens during a bowel movement to allow stool (feces) to pass through, as well as flat cells that line the inside of the anus.
uterus
the part of the female reproductive system in which a baby grows. It is above the vagina, between the bladder and rectum.
Atresia
A condition in which an orifice or passage in the body is (usually abnormally) closed or absent
Esophageal atresia is a birth defect in which part of a baby’s esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach) does not develop properly
Bartholin’s gland
Glands are located on each side of the vaginal opening. These glands secrete fluid that helps lubricate the vagina. Sometimes the openings of these glands become obstructed, causing fluid to back up into the gland. The result is relatively painless swelling called a Bartholin’s cyst.
Bladder
located in the lower abdomen The bladder’s walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra.
Capacitation
Capacitation is the sperm activation process in mammals that occurs in the female reproductive tract. In the female reproductive tract, some secretion destabilizes the acrosomal part and activates sperm to penetrate the egg and fertilize the ovum.
Cervical cap
The cervical cap keeps sperm from entering the uterus by covering the cervix. For added protection, spermicide is put into the cap before inserting the cap snugly over the cervix
cervix
Your cervix is a muscular, tunnel-like organ. It’s the lower part of your uterus, and it connects your uterus and vagina. Sometimes called the “neck of the uterus,” your cervix plays an important role in allowing fluids to pass between your uterus and vagina.
Cervicovaginal mucus
Cervicovaginal mucus is a complex hydrogel that contains, in addition to water and GFMs, a mixture of proteins and molecules that are secreted by the host cells and vaginal flora.
Chlamydia
Caused by a bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
that reproduces inside the cells that line the
reproductive tract in men and women
Most commonly contracted sexually transmitted disease
* There may not be symptoms of infection
Mild or no symptoms (75% of women and
50% of men have no symptoms)
* Infects reproductive tract, urinary tract and
eyes (can cause blindness)
* Mild burning on urination and some discharge in men – can infect prostate and epididymis* Vaginal discharge and urinary tract sensations in women
Cilia
Besides the cells that secrete fluids, the mucous membrane contains cells that have fine hairlike structures called cilia; the cilia help to move the egg and sperm through the fallopian tubes.
Fimbriae near the ovary catch the released oocyte, which is waved along the tube by cilia
Corona radiata
The corona radiata is an outer layer of follicular (granulosa) cells that form around a developing oocyte in the ovary and remain with it upon ovulation.
Corpus albicans
In the absence of pregnancy, the corpus luteum normally collapses and is eventually replaced by hyaline connective tissue to form the corpus albicans.
an ovarian scar composed of connective tissue that forms after the corpus luteum degenerates
Corpus luteum
Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone and also some amounts of estrogen and inhibin A. The progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum helps in maintaining the endometrium for implantation and pregnancy. Corpus luteum is formed in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
Diaphragm
A diaphragm or cap is a barrier method of contraception. It fits inside your vagina and prevents sperm passing through the cervix (the entrance of your womb).
Ectopic pregnancy
when a fertilized egg implants itself outside of the womb, usually in one of the fallopian tubes. The fallopian tubes are the tubes connecting the ovaries to the womb. If an egg gets stuck in them, it won’t develop into a baby and your health may be at risk if the pregnancy continues.
Ejaculatory inevitability
Orgasm. Men ejaculate semen during this stage
Elementary Body
Chlamydia
2 forms in life cycle: – Elementary Body is infectious form
Elementary Body (EB) establishes contact with the “host” cell
Causes the cell to envelope it –creates an ideal environment for reproduction inside cell
* Converts to Reticulate Body (RB)* RB divides every 2-3 hours for 7-21 days
* RB converts to infectious EB form* EB released from cell to infect
more cells
Reticulate Body
Chlamydia
2 forms in life cycle: Reticulate Body is form that replicates itself
Elementary Body (EB) establishes contact with the “host” cell
* Causes the cell to envelope it –creates an ideal environment for reproduction inside cell
* Converts to Reticulate Body (RB)* RB divides every 2-3 hours for 7-21 days
* RB converts to infectious EB form* EB released from cell to infect
more cells
Emergency contraception
Delays ovulation
* Progestin - Levonorgestrel
* Used in cases of unprotected intercourse, or
failure of another method to avoid unwanted
pregnancy
Endometrium
The endometrium is the inner lining of your uterus. This tissue is what you shed during a menstrual period
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. It can cause severe pain in the pelvis and make it harder to get pregnant. Endometriosis can start at a person’s first menstrual period and last until menopause.
Epithelial cells
A specialized cell that makes up the epithelium (a layer of cells that makes up the surface of the skin, and lines cavities, glands and passages in the body). Some epithelial cells make mucus, hormones or other secretions.
Estrogen
Estrogens are a group of hormones that play an important role in the normal sexual and reproductive development in women. They are also sex hormones. The woman’s ovaries make most estrogen hormones
Excitement phase (general)
Initiated by physical and psychological stimuli* Blood flow routed to the pelvic area (vasocongestion)
* Erection of penis/clitoris, vaginal lubrication
* Body reactions build to a particular level
Excitement phase (Female)
Increased blood flow to the pelvis (vasocongestion)
* Darkening of vaginal walls
* Seeping of fluid (transudate) from underlying vaginal
tissues – blood plasma (water and proteins in blood from
vasocongestion) + vaginal epithelial cells – functions as a lubricant – alkaline (favourable to sperm)
* Erection of clitoris
* Labia enlarge
* Distension of upper third of vagina
* Uterus begins to pull up
Excitement phase (male)
Blood to pelvic area – Erection of penis and widening of urethra – Thickening of scrotal tissue
* Testes/scrotum elevated towards body
* May have some secretion from bulbourethral gland
Fertilization
Fertilization is a complex multi-step process that is complete in 24 hours. The sperm from a male meets an ovum from a female and forms a zygote
Fertilization usually takes place in a fallopian tube that links an ovary to the uterus. If the fertilized egg successfully travels down the fallopian tube and implants in the uterus, an embryo starts growing
Fibroids
Fibroids are muscular tumors that grow in the wall of the uterus (womb). Fibroids are almost always benign (not cancerous). Not all women with fibroids have symptoms. Women who do have symptoms often find fibroids hard to live with. Some have pain and heavy menstrual bleeding. Treatment for uterine fibroids depends on your symptoms.
Fimbriae
Fimbriae are finger-like projections on the ends of your fallopian tubes closest to your ovaries. Each month, your fimbriae catch the egg that one of your ovaries releases during ovulation. Your fimbriae then sweep the egg (ovum) into the fallopian tube where the egg can be fertilized
Flibanserin
Flibanserin, sold under the brand name Addyi improves sexual desire, increases the number of satisfying sexual events, and decreases the distress associated with low sexual desire.
Follicles
Follicles are fluid-filled sacs found in a woman’s ovaries. These sacs contain immature and developing eggs. When the follicle has grown to the correct size, it ruptures, releasing a mature egg for fertilization. For pregnancy to occur, sperm must fertilize the egg within 12 to 24 hours of its release.
Follicle stimulating
hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.
FSH causes cells to make receptors to LH
make estrogen and progesterone
FSH promotes development of follicles during the follicular phase
