test 2 (research)

Question 1

electroencephalography (EEG) “usage”

Answer 1

waves measured by electrodes placed on scalp i.e. experiemtns will present stimulus + look for changes

Question 2

electroencephalography (EEG) purpose + examples

Answer 2

used when we want to investigate the whole brain rather than parts- measured in amps

used to minitor depth of anesthesia during surgical procedures

important role of studying consciousness + sleep behaviour (e.g. awakening, sleeping, dreaming etc.)

picks up: sleep disorders, epilepsy, stroke, dementia, head injuries

Question 3

electroencephalography (EEG) advantages + disadvantages

Answer 3

ad: chrap, silent, no radiation

dis: poor for cortex measures, needs a lot of interpretation, cannot locate specific areas

Question 4

CT scans “usage”

Answer 4

series of x-rays photographs- consists of scans thru 180˚ + takes measurements every 1˚ + combined to make 3D image

Can have a dye injected – to show contrast in structures

Question 5

CT scans purpose + e.g

Answer 5

Used to identify underdeveloped parts of the brain or sites of injury from impact, strokes, tumours, lesions, disease (if shrinking due to Alzheimer’s) or infection

Question 6

Ct scans advantages + disadvantages

Answer 6

ad: better than single scan, quicker than MRI scan, can be used with pacemaker

dis: cost, high levels of radiation –> cancer, does not show functions, allericv reactions to contrast dye

Question 7

MRI scans “usage”

Answer 7

Powerful magnets used rather than X-ray
protons in ater molecules in body line up + hit by radio waves –> causing to send different waves back
+ distinguishes between the various types of tissue

resulting image is a computer enhanced 3D picture of the brain from which a 2D slice can be selected and magnifie

Question 8

MRI scans purpose + e.g.

Answer 8

It can detect abnormalities and tumors

can create clear, detailed pictures of the structure of the brain

Question 9

MRI advantages + disadvantages

Answer 9

ad: no ionising radiation, sensitive to small tumours, used in detection of tumours + other abnormalities

dis: strong magnetic fiels –> no pacemakers, size of machine, cost

Question 10

Gage- what happened

Answer 10

packing explosives for job using metal rod (tampering iron) + dynamite exploded & impaled front of Gage’s head- survived unsurvivable injury

Question 11

Gage- 2 effects after

Answer 11

changed personality- hard working capable foreman –> gruff, obnoxious man

make case look like modern degenerative diseases e.g. dementia

Question 12

case study meaning + advantages & disadvantages

Answer 12

in depth focus of a single person, group, exterior, or community

ad: provides detailed info
provides insight for further research

dis: can’t generalise to wider pop
difficult to replicate

Question 13

Sperry contributions

Answer 13

Humans have 2 “minds”- left + right hemisphere

Question 14

sperry aims

Answer 14

To find out differences between 2 hemispheres of the brain & functions + able to study individuals who experienced hemisphere disconnection (messages couldn’t be successfully transmitted between the hemispheres)

Question 15

sperry ethics

Answer 15

• Avoided manipulation of variables, promoting ethical considerations.
• potential issues w/ informed consent and epilepsy effects.
• Prior procedure avoided psychological and physical harm.
• Avoided potential deception + psychological/physical harm.
• Used patients with severe epilepsy for split brain surgery.

Question 16

sperry summary + conclusions

Answer 16

Participants able to see objects presented in right visuals but unaware of other visuals.
* Participants could draw objects in left hand, but act surprised when resembling what was seen in right visual.
* Participants could name objects drawn after seeing them with right visual.
* Object identification was similar regardless of hand used.
* Participants could find left-hand objects in a bag.
* Conclusion: Brain consists of two independent, conscious halves.
* Left-hand dominant hem contains speech centers.
* Right-hand tests confirm two brain halves have own consciousness.

Question 17

freeman contributions

Answer 17

developed transorbital lobotomy in early 1940s + performed 1st in us 1936

Question 18

freeman aims

Answer 18

: Idealistic doctor hungry for fame- to solve problem of psychiatry + wanted to do it fast- believed it would be “magical” cure

Question 19

freeman ethics

Answer 19

unethical- surgery was risky (cognitive impairments, seizures, death) + permanently altered patient’s personality (does not protect from harm), many patients + families were not informed abt risks + potential outcome of procedures (those in mental hospitals),