Test 2 PEDS Flashcards
Explain Trisonomy 21
The extra chromosome at site 21. No known reason why this happens
Name some of the signs of down’s syndrome?
Thickened tongue. Low set ears. Extra eye flap. Bridge of nose spacing.
Down’s syndrome patients may have what defects?
Cardiac defects, GI defects (Hirschsprung)
An IQ <75 suggests what?
Subaverage intellectual development
Children with downs should be encouraged to have high fluids and high fiber foods due to?
Hirschprungs Syndrome, Decreased peristalsis in GO tract.
What percentage of Downs syndrome babies die in the first year due to defects?
45%
What is the purpose of corticosteroids for the management of nephrotic syndrome?
Stabilize glomerulus Decrease loss of protein in urine.
What are the signs of a Wilm’s tumor?
Tight Diapers, Clothes not fitting correctly, Abnormal renal functioning.
What are the consequences of Leukemia
Infection, bleeding anemia, fractures, bone pain.
congenital heart disease s/s, what meds to give?
failure to thrive, poor intake
meds:dig hold if hr less than 100 infants or 80 in toddlers
watch for dig toxicity!!! I.e-n&v and anorexia
<3 disease is dx by? and contraindicated when?
cardiac cath, contraindicated with a diaper rash or febrile illness
Tetralogy of fallot
R to L shunt, pressure builds up on R ride of the heart
Transposition of the vessels – deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary stenosis
Ventricular septae defect
Overiding aorta
Hypertrophy left ventricle
TET Spells/Blue spells
Squatting position, knee chest position (for infants mom places them like this)This is a sign of decompensation and these positions decrease the preload and
Venous return. If unsuccessful then hospitalized placed on 100% O2
Child with congenital heart disease should play / be disciplined how?
like any other child. This promotes normalcy & growth & development.
Risk factors for Rheumatic fever
Strep infection / Scarlet fever
Glomelularnephritis = complication & mitral valve disorder
Test CRP if high indicated inflammation. If decreased indicates that treatment is working
Major clinical manifestations of rheumatic fever
RF may lead to glomerulonephritis, Polyarthritis
Cardidis
Erythema Marginatum
Chorea (St. Vitus Dance, Sydenham Chorea)
Discharge Tx for rheumatic fever
Cultures done for all sore throats Take ABX (PCN to protect the heart) for 5 yrs or lifetime for invasive procedures
Classic Hemophilia
Apply pressure for 15 minutes.
X linked recessive inherited disorder of factor VIII (8)
S/S of hemophilia
Bruising
Bleeding w/circumcision
Hematoma with Vit K or Hep B vaccine
Dx test done for hemophilia & treatment
DX: PTT (clotting time study)
TX: R.I.C.E. – Rest, Ice, Compression & Elevation
DO NOT GIVE Aspirin (ASA), Over the counter drugs (OTC) or Motrin
When hemophiliac rides bike make sure to wear protective equipment.
Give factor Vlll When there is bleeding into the joint structure. The IV is reconstituted and it is given IV Push thru port.
Proper activities would include; swimming, golfing (no contact sports, no hard play areas) Physical therapy consult for ROM exercises to strengthen muscles
PKU (Phenyketonuria) DX
Guthrie Test – detects phenylalanine (a metabolic amino acid), hypothyroidism, galactosemia, hemoglobin defects like sickle cell. Must have 24-48 hrs of ingested protein before test.
Complications of PKU
Stains neurons (kernicturus) causing seizures Encephalopathy/ mental retardation accumulation of phenylalanine that cant be converted into tyrosine.
People who have PKU usually look like?
blonde hair, blue eyes, light skin (lack of melanin)
PKU diet
Lifelong
Special Formula (lofenalac or Phenex 1 (infants) Phenex-2 (children & adults)
No artificial sweeteners/aspertane
Limit proteins
Fruits & Veggie @ lib
Monitor levels s/b up to 6 in infants, 10 in children & 15 in adults
Dx test for jaundice
Amniocentesis
Coombs test – measures antibodies attached to RBC’s
(indirect on mom) (Direct on baby once born)
If (+) mom built antibodies & is sensitized, hemolysis in baby
Dx of diabetes
Hemoglobin A1C 4-6 is normal anything above, investigate
Hemolytic in uteral
(mixing of fetal & maternal blood) – Give mom rhogam shot & give baby same Rh factors as mom. This happens because 1st child was Rh+
Teaching plan priority of newly diagnosed diabetic
Insulin administration and s/s & tx of hypoglycemia (tremors, sweating, confusion)
Give fast acting carb (juice w/sugar, candy) followed by protein to stabilize
Insulin difficult to adjust in toddlers why?
because they get it before hand & you don’t know what or how much they are going to eat.
Increased activity reduces insulin needs.
How to decrease food allergies
Introduce one food at a time every 4-7 days.
Start with rice cereal, light color fruits & veggies, then proteins
Priority Assessment for glomerolonephritis AGN
Can cause renal failure
Assess behavior, vital signs, irritability, and neuro status
Clinical manifestations of glomerolonephritis AGN
Periorbital edema (swollen eyes) Increased BP – accompanied by a headacheTea colored urine, Acute renal failure
– renal diet – low potassium, low sodium, low protein
Diet for glomerolonephritis AGN
Dx of glomerulonephritis
ASO titers ESR CRP inflammation (C-reactive protein) ANA titers **all elevated!!
During the ACUTE phase of glomeruloneph.
Usually make complete recovery home rest, home school, check BUN & creatnine, chest xray
Clinical manifestations of Nephrotic syndrome
3rd spacing edema – elevate arms/hands and give scrotal support
Decreased protein in serum (hypoproteinemia), high in urine (hyperproteinuria)
Weight gain, ascities, lethargy
Increased cholesterol, increased fats
CorticoSteroids given - to stabilize the glomerulus
Decrease protein loss in urine
Teach mother NOT to suclude the child from the outide world
treatment for Nephrotic syndrome
Diet for Nephrotic Syndrome
Increased protein decreased fat
Myelomeningocele
out pouching of menengies & spinal nerves L4-L5.
Can be prevented by taking folic acid
Dx through AFP or quad screening
Nsg Care for Myelomeningocele
Pre- op – baby lays on stomach with moist gauze over spine
Post-op – Keep supine (on back)
Check head circumference (for ICP from spinal fluid)
S/S of ICP – poor feeding, bulging fontanel, shrilling cry
Complications of myeolomeningocele
Paraplegics
bowel & bladder problems (straight cath)
Communicating Hydrocephalus- CSF absorbs normally
Caused by surgery repair of myelomeningocele, adhesions between meninges & base of brain
Non Communicating Hydrocephalus – Blocked flow of CFS
Caused by congenital, infection, tumor, aneurysm, blood clot
Nsg care for Hydrocephalus shunt
No pumping of shunt Position on opposite side of the shunt Check for abdominal distention Head circumference measured Teach mother s/s of pump failure (ICP- bulging fontanel) Strict I & O Neurological Assessment
Bacterial Meningitis
caused by HIB vaccine, H influenza
S/S –Increased temp WBC’s are up Headache Preceeded by upper resp infection- protect from resp contamination Photophobia, Nuchal rigidity
Dx/Tx for Bacterial Meningitis
–Dx: CSF examination by spinal tap/lumbar puncture
Tx:Broad spectrum ABX (24 hours isolation until affective) Dark quiet room Seizure precautions, Resp Isolation
When providing care for a child with ALL (Acute Lymphoid Leukemia) Unrestricted proliferation of immature WBC’s
Protect from child with Upper Resp infection
Neutropenic precautions – peal fruits & veggies. NO fresh flowers
Warm toothbrush to soften bristles to decrease bleeding
Nsg care (A.L.L)
Hand washing
Protect from infection
Increased Nutrition
Cleft lip Care
Pre op feeding using elongated nipple and sitting upright place on side or back after surgery to decrease manipulation of sutures (Logans bar)
Cuddle to decrease crying
Post – op feeding using formula and soft foods only NO UTENSILS
Long Nipples, infant seat used for feeding, breast feedings ok, allow breaks in feedings due to difficulty breathing
Cleft Palate Care
place on stomach to promote drainage
Faulty speech pattern, otitis media, orthodontic problems, plastic surgery needed and hearing impairment, same pre/post op as CL
Emergency surgery needed for what?
Tracheosophageal Fistula (TEF)
s/s: Chocking, coughing, cyanosis
Drooling of saliva
Abdominal distention
Apnea (period of no breathing)
PRE-op TEF surgery
NPO IV Warm baby Increase HOB Catheter to suction secretions
POSTop TEF surgery
Gtube – gravity drainage Gtube feedings (up to 10 days) Reintroduce bottle
Regerg of formula causes metabolic alkalosis
Progressive projectile vomiting then immensely hungry
Failure to thrive – weight loss
Dehydration
Hypertrophied pylorus
Olive like mass
PYLORIC STENOSIS
Pyloromyotomy Post op mngment
Restore fluids – electrolyte balance May vomit 24-48 hrs after IV fluids Begin feeding 4-6hrs after surgery Increase HOB
Kawasaki TX
– ASA, Anticoagulants, IVIG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin)Defer immunizations
Long term complications –Kawasaki
Coronary Artery Anurysms
S/S – red hands & feet, rash, strawberry tongue, painful joints, heart failure & irritability for 2-3 weeks.
Ryes Syndrome – Liver & CNS involvement
Causes – ASA, viruses (varicella, influenza)
S/S – Same as ICP
Care – Supportive
SIDS
(age 2-4months) Allow parents to express themselves
carditis s/s
tachycardia at rest, cardiomegaly, CP, Give Dig!
clinical manifestations of TEF
excessive salivation and drooling, **coughing choking, cyanosis **
3 C’s!!!!!!
Nsg care for TEF
NPO, IV fluids, suction, elevate HOB Ambu bag, possible surgery
When an NG tube into the stomach meets resistance and cannot be advanced this is a dx of what?
TEF
TEF is usually identified when?
after their first feeding if they cough choke & become cyanotic this is why nurses feed the baby their 1st meal!
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
constriction of the pyloric sphincter with obstruction to gastric outlet, more in boys usually dx 2-5 wks old that are bottle fed
Abdominal Ultrasound
confirms dx of pyloric sphincter, determines diameter and length of pyloric muscle
Pyloric sphincter (HPS) clinical manifes.
presents w/ PROJECTILE VOMITTING sour smelling bc no bile, dehydrated (lack of tears dry mucus membranes sunken fontanels decreased output poor skin turgor, wt loss) FTT, lethargic, dec na, k, cl, increased BUN,pH ,bicarbonate (hco3)
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
when is feeding begun after a pylorotomy for HPS?
a few hours after, clear liquid diet, increase amount q 1/2 hour! start w/ 5 mL and increase slowly
STRICT FEEDING SCHEDULE
if there are massive amounts of protein in urine, dec serum protein albumin, increased cholesterol levels, dec BP, and edema in diaper area or abdomen this indicates?
Nephrotic syndrome
when is nephrotic syndrome usually dx?
bet 2-7 years old usually males often after an upper respiratory infec. (2-3 days)
For nephrotic syndrome what is the treatment?
steroids *first line (prednisone), diuretics for the edema, 25% albumin for severe edema, antibx if infection, monitor i&o, daily wts, check for edema, monitor vs (low bp) monitor for protein in urine and spec gravity, keep away from infections (steroids may cause), keep warm and dry
Acute Glomerulonephrotis (AGN)
immune complex r/t group A beta hemolytic strep (GABHS) POST STREP!! seen 10-21 days after pharyngitis
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