Test 2 P1 Flashcards
Is algae a plant?
No, its a protist
In bryophytes, which generation dominates?
Gametophyte, sporophyte generation in all others.
Is sporophyte generation 1n or 2n?
2n, diploid (pair of each chromosomes)
Rhizoids are precursors to what?
Roots
What are the most advanced seedless plants?
Monilophytes
Coal deposits originated when?
Carboniferous period
What is the most diverse phylum on earth after insects?
flowering plants
What are welwitschias?
Kind of gnetophyte, falls under gymnosperm. Found in desert & has vessel elements
What do you call male & female parts of a plant?
Antheridium: male
Archegonium: female
What is a phylogenic tree?
Diagram used to reflect evolutionary relationships among organisms
What is sister taxa in phylogenic tree?
2 lineages from same branch point
What is polytomy in phylogenic tree?
Branch with more than 2 lineages
What is basal taxa in phylogenic tree?
Lineage with early evolution that remains unbranched
What is a rooted phylogenic tree?
1 common point where it “starts” & then branches off
What is an unrooted phylogenic tree?
More circular, many connections & no “start”
What is linnean taxonomy order?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What is used to classify an organism?
genus & species
Linnean taxonomy order is based on what?
Appearances
What is Linnean taxonomy?
classifies organisms where each group is organized in an increasing inclusive group
What is the tree of life model?
Hypothesis that eukaryotes evolved from a pool of many species that were sharing genes by HGT mechanisms
What is the ring of life model?
Shows that 3 domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes as opposed to a single root
What is the web of life model?
Like a tree with multiple roots & cross branches between subsequent branches signifying gene transfer
What is a clade?
groups of organisms descended from a single ancestor, creating monophyletic groupings. All descendants from a branch point
What is bacterial reproduction & what are the 4 kinds?
Prokaryotic genes change over time, they do NOT sexually reproduce. Transformation, conjugation, transduction, binary fission
What is transformation?
Bacterium takes up naked DNA from the environment
What is conjugation?
a hollow tube (pilus) transfers genes b/w organisms
What is transduction?
virus transfers genes
What is binary fission?
prokaryotic cell division. Multicellular organisms increase in size or Asexual reproduction where unicellular organism splits into 2 new separate organisms by mitosis
What are the 7 extremophiles & what can they do?
- Halophile: high salt conc.
- Psychrophile: temps of -15-10 C
- Osmophile: high sugar conc.
- Thermophile: temps of 60-80 C
- Hyperthermophile: temps 80-122
- Acidophile: pH of 3 or below
- Alkaliphile: pH of 9+
What is MRSA?
bacterial strain resistant to common antibiotics. Caused by evolution of bacteria
What is cyanobacteria?
blue/green algae with chloroplasts so its photosynthetic. Not a protist
What are the 6 main parts of a prokaryotic cell & their functions?
- Flagellum: long arm for movement
- Pili: attach to surfaces
- Capsule: protect & prevent dehydration
- Cell wall & membrane: protect & provides shape
- Nucleoid: contains DNA
- Ribosomes
What is a Gram + stain?
Stains purple, no outer membrane. Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
What is a Gram - stain?
Stains pink, outer membrane. Thin peptidoglycan cell wall, only about 10%
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
Asexually through binary fission
What is bioremediation?
Biological cleaning of oil spills with bacteria. Bacterial cells die after.
Compare & Contrast Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
- Reproduce asexually
- Lack nucleus & membrane bound organelles
- Include bacteria & archaea
- Unicellular
Eukaryotes
- Produce sexually & asexually
- Have nucleus & membrane bound organelles
- Includes animals, plants, & fungi
- Multicellular
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
eukaryotes are result of prokaryotic cells engulfing one another & coevolving. Lines of evidence: mitochondria & chloroplasts present.
What causes red tide?
Dinoflagellates, a unicellular organism
What is a saprobe?
A decomposer, like a fungus
Monoecious vs Dioecious?
- Monoecious: only 1 form. Have both male & female sporophylls on same mature sporophyte or tree.
- Dioecious: 2 forms, 1 male & 1 female separate.
Primary vs Secondary growth?
- Primary: increase in length of shoot & root (tallness). Apical Meristem
- Secondary: increase in thickness or girth. Lateral meristem
What are parenchyma cells in plants?
most common, responsible for metabolic functions (ex. photosynthesis) & repair/heal wounds
What are collenchyma cells in plants?
elongated cells w/ unevenly thickened walls - provide structural support in stems & leaves, alive at maturity. Found below epidermis.
What are sclerenchyma cells in plants?
provide support, many dead at maturity. 2 types are fibers & sclereids & have secondary walls thickened w/ lignin.
What are some challenges plants faced to adapt to life on land?
Scarcity of water, gravity - structural support & reproduction in air or mud rather than water.
Aerial roots are the precursor to what?
prop roots
Which 2 layers in plant stem are made of parenchyma cells?
cortex & pith
Most photosynthesis occurs in the what?
palisade parenchyma
What is the waxy region on walls of endothermal cells?
Casparian strip
