Test 2 notes

Question 1

Six functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

support, movement, protection, (mineral, growth factors, and fat storage), blood cell formation, hormone production

Question 2

The skeletal system includes what

Answer 2

bones, cartilage, ligaments, other connective tissues

Question 3

three major types of cartilage used in the skeletal system

Answer 3

hyaline, elastic , and fibrocartilage

Question 4

made of a variety of cartilage tissue molded to fit its body location and function. Mainly consists primarily of water giving it resilience and spring.

Answer 4

skeletal cartilage

Question 5

Provides support and the most abundant skeletal cartilages, consists of fine collagen fibers

Answer 5

hyaline cartilages

Question 6

which hyaline cartilage covers the ends of most bones at movable joints

Answer 6

articular cartilages

Question 7

which hyaline cartilages which connects the ribs to the sternum

Answer 7

costal cartilages

Question 8

which hyaline cartilage forms the skeleton of the larynx and reinforces other respiratory passageways

Answer 8

respiratory cartilages

Question 9

which hyaline cartilage supports the external nose

Answer 9

nasal cartilages

Question 10

resembles hyaline cartilages but they contain more stretchy elastic fibers and so are better able to stand up to repeated bending

Answer 10

elastic cartilages

Question 11

resists compression and limits movement, prevents bone to bone contact, and is found in intervertebral discs, menisci of the knees, and symphyses

Answer 11

fibrocartilages

Question 12

three bone classifications

Answer 12

shape, feature surface markings, and structure

Question 13

bones are generally grouped into what two bone classifications

Answer 13

axial and appendicular

Question 14

6 broad categories of bones based on shape

Answer 14

sutural, sesamoid, irregular, short, flat, and long

Question 15

small, flat bones, that are irregularly shaped and vary between individuals in number and shape, wormian bones,

Answer 15

sutural

Question 16

small, flat bones that develop inside of tendons near joints, vary in number and location with one exception

Answer 16

sesamoid bones

Question 17

what is the one exception to sesamoid bones

Answer 17

patella

Question 18

complex shapes, with short, flat, notched or ridged bones

Answer 18

irregular bones

Question 19

sesamoid bones are special type of what

Answer 19

short bones

Question 20

roughly cube shaped bones, small and boxy

Answer 20

short bones

Question 21

thin parallel surfaces, used to protect soft underlying tissues, provides surfaces for muscle attachments

Answer 21

flat bones

Question 22

long slender bones longer than they are wide, all limb bones except the patella and wrist and ankle bones fall into this category

Answer 22

long bones

Question 23

large rounded projection; may be roughened

Answer 23

tuberosity/tubercle

Question 24

narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

Answer 24

crest

Question 25

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)

Answer 25

trochanter

Question 26

narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Answer 26

line

Question 27

small rounded projection or process

Answer 27

tubercle

Question 28

raised area on or above a condyle

Answer 28

epicondyle

Question 29

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Answer 29

spine

Question 30

Any bony prominence

Answer 30

process

Question 31

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Answer 31

head

Question 32

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Answer 32

facet

Question 33

rounded articular projection

Answer 33

condyle

Question 34

arm like bar of bone

Answer 34

ramus

Question 35

furrow

Answer 35

groove/sulcus

Question 36

narrow, slit like opening

Answer 36

fissure

Question 37

round or oval opening through a bone

Answer 37

foramen

Question 38

indentation at the edge of a structure

Answer 38

notch

Question 39

canal-like passageway

Answer 39

meatus/canal

Question 40

cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Answer 40

sinus

Question 41

shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Answer 41

fossa

Question 42

small honeycomb needle-like or flat pieces in spongey bone called

Answer 42

trabeculae

Question 43

two types of bone structure

Answer 43

compact and spongy bone

Question 44

forms a protective layer surrounding a medullary cavity

Answer 44

compact bone

Question 45

honeycomb of small needle-like bones

Answer 45

spongy bones

Question 46

a shaft that forms of a long axis of the bone

Answer 46

diaphysis

Question 47

broad outer shell of compact bone,

Answer 47

epiphyses

Question 48

epiphyses has two types of bones

Answer 48

outer compact bone; inner with spongy bone

Question 49

is the wide portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the narrow diaphysis

Answer 49

Metaphyses

Question 50

the central cavity in a long bone

Answer 50

medullary cavity

Question 51

a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones

Answer 51

endosteum

Question 52

a double-layered membrane that covers the external surface of the entire bone

Answer 52

periosteum

Question 53

osteocytes are found within

Answer 53

lacunae

Question 54

stem cell

Answer 54

osteogenic cell

Question 55

matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth

Answer 55

osteoblast

Question 56

mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix

Answer 56

osteocyte

Question 57

bone resorbing cell

Answer 57

osteoclast

Question 58

cells account for about how much mass of bone matrix

Answer 58

2%

Question 59

mitotically active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum

Answer 59

osteogenic cells/ osteoprogenitor cells

Question 60

bone forming cells that secrete the bone matrix,

Answer 60

osteoblasts

Question 61

mature bone cells that occupy spaces that conform to their shape

Answer 61

osteocytes

Question 62

flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going, like osteocytes, are thought to help maintain the matrix

Answer 62

bone lining cells

Question 63

giant multinucleated cells located at sites of bone resorption (breaking down) bone

Answer 63

osteoclasts

Question 64

maintains proteins and mineral content of the bone matrix/ participate in repair of damaged bone

Answer 64

osteocytes

Question 65

elevates Ca phosphate levels Above solubility limit and produces Osteoid

Answer 65

Osteoblast

Question 66

squamous stem cells, daughter cells differentiate into osteoblasts, important to fracture repair, found in the inner layer of periosteum and endosteum

Answer 66

Osteoprogenitor cells/ osteogenic cells

Question 67

remove and recycle bone matrix, giant cells w/50+ Nuclei, derived from stem cells that produce monocytes, osteolysis or resorption

Answer 67

Osteoclasts

Question 68

Osteon is also called

Answer 68

Haversian System

Question 69

Osteocytes arranged in concentric layers

Answer 69

osteon

Question 70

contains blood vessels and verves

Answer 70

central canal/ haversian canal

Question 71

runs perpendicular to the central canal/ haversian canal

Answer 71

perforating canal/ Volkmann's canal

Question 72

lies between intact osteons are incomplete lamellae

Answer 72

interstitial lamellae

Question 73

located just deep to the periosteum and just superficial to the endosteum, extend around the entire circumference of the diaphysis and effectively resist twisting of the long bone

Answer 73

circumferential lamellae

Question 74

are the venules or capillaries in the bone matrix

Answer 74

no

Question 75

forms meshwork of bundles of fibers

Answer 75

lamellae

Question 76

typically found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the diploe of flat bones

Answer 76

red marrow

Question 77

in adults red bone marrow tends to be found

Answer 77

heads of the femur

Question 78

mostly made of fat cells in the spongey bones,

Answer 78

yellow bone marrow

Question 79

what will increase bone strength

Answer 79

stress/exercise

Question 80

forms the cranial bones of the skull and clavicales, mostly forms flat bones

Answer 80

intramembranous ossifications

Question 81

two types of ossification

Answer 81

intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification

Question 82

all bones except the clavicle below the skull are formed by what type of ossification

Answer 82

endochondral ossification

Question 83

process uses hyaline cartilage bones formed earlier as models, or patterns, for bone construction

Answer 83

endochondral ossification

Question 84

ossification begins within fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells

Answer 84

intramembranous ossification

Question 85

hyaline cartilage shaft at a region called

Answer 85

primary ossification center

Question 86

5 stages of endochondral ossification

Answer 86

1. bone collar around diaphysis 2. primary ossification center in center of diaphysis 3. periosteal bud invades cavity (spongy bone forms) 4. diaphysis elongates and marrow cavity forms 5. epiphyses ossify (secondary ossification centers)

Question 87

what produce cartilage

Answer 87

chondrocytes

Question 88

what turn cartilage into bone

Answer 88

osteoblasts

Question 89

if the chondrocytes stay ahead of the osteoblasts what happens to the bone

Answer 89

it elongates

Question 90

what happen at puberty to the epiphyseal plate

Answer 90

it becomes the epiphyseal line

Question 91

if a bone grows length wise it is called what

Answer 91

longitudinal growth

Question 92

if a bone is made wider it is called what kind of growth

Answer 92

appositional growth

Question 93

medullary cavity gradually enlarges as

Answer 93

a diameter increases

Question 94

bone fragments into three or more pieces

Answer 94

comminuted

Question 95

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

Answer 95

spiral

Question 96

broken bone portion is pressed inward (typical skull fracture)

Answer 96

depressed

Question 97

bone is crushed

Answer 97

compression

Question 98

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

Answer 98

epiphyseal

Question 99

ends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occuring

Answer 99

epiphyseal

Question 100

bone breaks incompletely, only one side of the shaft breaks; the other side bends

Answer 100

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