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Anatomy and Physiology > Test 2 notes > Flashcards

Test 2 notes Flashcards

1
Q

Six functions of the skeletal system

A

support, movement, protection, (mineral, growth factors, and fat storage), blood cell formation, hormone production

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2
Q

The skeletal system includes what

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, other connective tissues

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3
Q

three major types of cartilage used in the skeletal system

A

hyaline, elastic , and fibrocartilage

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4
Q

made of a variety of cartilage tissue molded to fit its body location and function. Mainly consists primarily of water giving it resilience and spring.

A

skeletal cartilage

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5
Q

Provides support and the most abundant skeletal cartilages, consists of fine collagen fibers

A

hyaline cartilages

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6
Q

which hyaline cartilage covers the ends of most bones at movable joints

A

articular cartilages

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7
Q

which hyaline cartilages which connects the ribs to the sternum

A

costal cartilages

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8
Q

which hyaline cartilage forms the skeleton of the larynx and reinforces other respiratory passageways

A

respiratory cartilages

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9
Q

which hyaline cartilage supports the external nose

A

nasal cartilages

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10
Q

resembles hyaline cartilages but they contain more stretchy elastic fibers and so are better able to stand up to repeated bending

A

elastic cartilages

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11
Q

resists compression and limits movement, prevents bone to bone contact, and is found in intervertebral discs, menisci of the knees, and symphyses

A

fibrocartilages

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12
Q

three bone classifications

A

shape, feature surface markings, and structure

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13
Q

bones are generally grouped into what two bone classifications

A

axial and appendicular

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14
Q

6 broad categories of bones based on shape

A

sutural, sesamoid, irregular, short, flat, and long

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15
Q

small, flat bones, that are irregularly shaped and vary between individuals in number and shape, wormian bones,

A

sutural

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16
Q

small, flat bones that develop inside of tendons near joints, vary in number and location with one exception

A

sesamoid bones

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17
Q

what is the one exception to sesamoid bones

A

patella

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18
Q

complex shapes, with short, flat, notched or ridged bones

A

irregular bones

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19
Q

sesamoid bones are special type of what

A

short bones

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20
Q

roughly cube shaped bones, small and boxy

A

short bones

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21
Q

thin parallel surfaces, used to protect soft underlying tissues, provides surfaces for muscle attachments

A

flat bones

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22
Q

long slender bones longer than they are wide, all limb bones except the patella and wrist and ankle bones fall into this category

A

long bones

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23
Q

large rounded projection; may be roughened

A

tuberosity/tubercle

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24
Q

narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

A

crest

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25
Q

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)

A

trochanter

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26
Q

narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

A

line

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27
Q

small rounded projection or process

A

tubercle

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28
Q

raised area on or above a condyle

A

epicondyle

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29
Q

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

A

spine

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30
Q

Any bony prominence

A

process

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31
Q

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

A

head

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32
Q

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

A

facet

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33
Q

rounded articular projection

A

condyle

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34
Q

arm like bar of bone

A

ramus

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35
Q

furrow

A

groove/sulcus

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36
Q

narrow, slit like opening

A

fissure

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37
Q

round or oval opening through a bone

A

foramen

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38
Q

indentation at the edge of a structure

A

notch

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39
Q

canal-like passageway

A

meatus/canal

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40
Q

cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

A

sinus

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41
Q

shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

A

fossa

42
Q

small honeycomb needle-like or flat pieces in spongey bone called

A

trabeculae

43
Q

two types of bone structure

A

compact and spongy bone

44
Q

forms a protective layer surrounding a medullary cavity

A

compact bone

45
Q

honeycomb of small needle-like bones

A

spongy bones

46
Q

a shaft that forms of a long axis of the bone

A

diaphysis

47
Q

broad outer shell of compact bone,

A

epiphyses

48
Q

epiphyses has two types of bones

A

outer compact bone; inner with spongy bone

49
Q

is the wide portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the narrow diaphysis

A

Metaphyses

50
Q

the central cavity in a long bone

A

medullary cavity

51
Q

a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones

A

endosteum

52
Q

a double-layered membrane that covers the external surface of the entire bone

A

periosteum

53
Q

osteocytes are found within

A

lacunae

54
Q

stem cell

A

osteogenic cell

55
Q

matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth

A

osteoblast

56
Q

mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix

A

osteocyte

57
Q

bone resorbing cell

A

osteoclast

58
Q

cells account for about how much mass of bone matrix

A

2%

59
Q

mitotically active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum

A

osteogenic cells/ osteoprogenitor cells

60
Q

bone forming cells that secrete the bone matrix,

A

osteoblasts

61
Q

mature bone cells that occupy spaces that conform to their shape

A

osteocytes

62
Q

flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going, like osteocytes, are thought to help maintain the matrix

A

bone lining cells

63
Q

giant multinucleated cells located at sites of bone resorption (breaking down) bone

A

osteoclasts

64
Q

maintains proteins and mineral content of the bone matrix/ participate in repair of damaged bone

A

osteocytes

65
Q

elevates Ca phosphate levels Above solubility limit and produces Osteoid

A

Osteoblast

66
Q

squamous stem cells, daughter cells differentiate into osteoblasts, important to fracture repair, found in the inner layer of periosteum and endosteum

A

Osteoprogenitor cells/ osteogenic cells

67
Q

remove and recycle bone matrix, giant cells w/50+ Nuclei, derived from stem cells that produce monocytes, osteolysis or resorption

A

Osteoclasts

68
Q

Osteon is also called

A

Haversian System

69
Q

Osteocytes arranged in concentric layers

A

osteon

70
Q

contains blood vessels and verves

A

central canal/ haversian canal

71
Q

runs perpendicular to the central canal/ haversian canal

A

perforating canal/ Volkmann’s canal

72
Q

lies between intact osteons are incomplete lamellae

A

interstitial lamellae

73
Q

located just deep to the periosteum and just superficial to the endosteum, extend around the entire circumference of the diaphysis and effectively resist twisting of the long bone

A

circumferential lamellae

74
Q

are the venules or capillaries in the bone matrix

A

no

75
Q

forms meshwork of bundles of fibers

A

lamellae

76
Q

typically found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the diploe of flat bones

A

red marrow

77
Q

in adults red bone marrow tends to be found

A

heads of the femur

78
Q

mostly made of fat cells in the spongey bones,

A

yellow bone marrow

79
Q

what will increase bone strength

A

stress/exercise

80
Q

forms the cranial bones of the skull and clavicales, mostly forms flat bones

A

intramembranous ossifications

81
Q

two types of ossification

A

intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification

82
Q

all bones except the clavicle below the skull are formed by what type of ossification

A

endochondral ossification

83
Q

process uses hyaline cartilage bones formed earlier as models, or patterns, for bone construction

A

endochondral ossification

84
Q

ossification begins within fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells

A

intramembranous ossification

85
Q

hyaline cartilage shaft at a region called

A

primary ossification center

86
Q

5 stages of endochondral ossification

A
  1. bone collar around diaphysis
  2. primary ossification center in center of diaphysis
  3. periosteal bud invades cavity (spongy bone forms)
  4. diaphysis elongates and marrow cavity forms
  5. epiphyses ossify (secondary ossification centers)
87
Q

what produce cartilage

A

chondrocytes

88
Q

what turn cartilage into bone

A

osteoblasts

89
Q

if the chondrocytes stay ahead of the osteoblasts what happens to the bone

A

it elongates

90
Q

what happen at puberty to the epiphyseal plate

A

it becomes the epiphyseal line

91
Q

if a bone grows length wise it is called what

A

longitudinal growth

92
Q

if a bone is made wider it is called what kind of growth

A

appositional growth

93
Q

medullary cavity gradually enlarges as

A

a diameter increases

94
Q

bone fragments into three or more pieces

A

comminuted

95
Q

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

A

spiral

96
Q

broken bone portion is pressed inward (typical skull fracture)

A

depressed

97
Q

bone is crushed

A

compression

98
Q

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

A

epiphyseal

99
Q

ends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occuring

A

epiphyseal

100
Q

bone breaks incompletely, only one side of the shaft breaks; the other side bends

A

greenstick

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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