Test 2 - Need to Review

Question 1

• signal from limbic system to midbrain

- visceral and emotional responses to odors

Answer 1

habenular nuclei

Question 2

Left Hemisphere, what it’s called, and what it is involved in

Answer 2

categorical

• specialized for language
• usually contains Wernicke and Motor speech area
• sequential and analytical reasoning (mathematic comprehension)
• right visual field

Question 3

Right Hemisphere, what it’s called and what it’s involved in

Answer 3

representational hemisphere

• visuospatial relationships
• associated with imagination, musical and artistic skill, pattern recognition, and comparison of sensory information
• recognition of faces and spatial relationships
• contains left visual field

Question 4

These two things are located within the pyramids of the medulla oblongata, and what does each of these things do?

Answer 4

corticospinal tracts - which are motor projection tracts involved in motor control that are housed in the pyramids

decussation - where most tract axons cross at the pyramids, so each side of the cortex controls movement on opposite side of the body (CONTRALATERAL response)

Question 5

Thalamus structure and function

Answer 5

structure:

• gray matter mass
• composed of about a dozen thalamic nuclei
• nuclei organized into groups
• groups axons projecting to particular regions of cortex

FUNCTION:

• receives impulses from all conscious sense except olfaction
• the thalamus is the final replay point for incoming sensory information that is processed and projected to the primary somatosensory cortex
• it acts as an INFORMATION FILTER

Question 6

Hypothalamus

What does it do?

Answer 6

• Master control of autonomic nervous and endocrine systems
• influences heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities, respiration
• secretes hormones that control activities in anterior pituitary gland
• produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Be emotion when father sleeps.

• Body temperature
• Water intake
• Food intake
• Emotional behavior
• Sleep-wake rhythms - directs pineal gland to secrete melatonin, regulates circadian rhythms

Question 7

Function of brainstem - what does it connect? what type of pathway? two main functions? and houses what?

and parts of brainstem

Answer 7

• connects cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to spinal cord
• bidirectional pathway
• contains autonomic (tagmentum) and reflex centers (tectum)
• houses nuclei of many cranial nerves

-midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 8

Parts of midbrain

Answer 8

• substantia nigra
• tegmentum
• tectum

Question 9

substantia nigra

Answer 9

• stands for black substance
• houses clusters of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine, which affects brain processes to control movement (think Parkinson’s), emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain.

Question 10

tegmentum

Answer 10

• contains red nuclei
• integrates information from cerebrum and cerebellum (teg you’re it)

-issues involuntary motor commands to to the erector spine muscles of the back to help maintain posture while standing, bending at the waist, or walking

Question 11

tectum - know what the tectal plate is

Answer 11

• controls visual reflex and tracking

- controls auditory reflexes (turn towards noise)

Question 12

pons

Answer 12

• contains sensory and motor tracts that connect brain and spinal cord
• pontine respiratory center helps regulate skeletal muscles of breathing
• receives auditory input, involved in pathway for sound localization

Question 13

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 13

My pal nanci can venmo me, ok?

• vasomotor center - regulates blood vessel diameter
• pyramids
• nucleus - recevices somatic sensory information, and sends signals to thalamus
• cardiac center - regulates heart output
• medullary respiratory center - breathing rate, works with pontine respiratory center
• other nuclei for varied functions: coughing, sneezing, vomiting, swollowing

Question 14

folds in the cerebellar cortex are called?

Answer 14

folia

Question 15

inner white matter of the cerebellum are called?

Answer 15

arbor vitae

Question 16

cerebellum functions

Answer 16

• fine tunes movements, and center for muscle memory
• regulates activity along voluntary and involuntary motor paths
• adjusts movements initiated by cerebrum (corrective feedback), ensuring smoothness
• helps maintain equilibrium and posture (receives proprioceptive information from muscles and joints)
• continuously receives motor plans and sensory feedback. May generate error-correcting signals to be sent to the premotor and primary motor cortex

Question 17

connects cerebellum to midbrain

Answer 17

superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 18

connects cerebellum to pons

Answer 18

middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 19

connects cerebellum to medulla oblongata

Answer 19

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 20

• Found in the brainstem and extends into the diencephalon and spinal cord
• has both motor and sensory components
• RAS (sensory)

Answer 20

Reticular formation - a loosely organized mass of gray matter
SEE powerpoint

The motor component of the reticular formation communicates with the spinal cord and is responsible for regulating muscle tone (especially when the muscles are at rest).

Question 21

lies between dura mater and inner walls of the vertebra, and characteristics of this space

Answer 21

epidural space

• has areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, adipose tissue
• epidural anesthetics introduced here

Question 22

spinal dura mater consists of _______ meningeal layer(s)

Answer 22

ONE

Question 23

tapering end marking of spinal cord proper

Answer 23

conus medullaris

Question 24

nerve roots projecting inferiorly from spinal cord, and they contain what? Where is this housed?

Answer 24

cauda equina, and contin filum terminale

-cauda equina housed within the meninges

Question 25

thin strand of ________ helps anchor conus medullaris to coccyx. travels how?

Answer 25

- pia mater, and this is the filum terminale | - travels through meninges, out of meninges to coccyx

Question 26

cerebrospinal fluid of the spinal cord travels to the spinal cord via _______ , and cerebrospinal fluid fills what space in the spinal cord?

Answer 26

- central canal | - arachnoid mater subarachnoid space

Question 27

thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue, encloses the entire nerve

Answer 27

epineurium

Question 28

- layer of dense irregular connective tissue - wraps bundles of axons, called _________ - supports blood vessels

Answer 28

perineurium - fascicles - the perineurium surround fascicles, and it is all of the area between fascicles as well

Question 29

- delicate layer of areolar connective tissue - separates and electrically insulates each axon - has capillaries that supply the axon

Answer 29

endoneurium

Question 30

bundle of axons are called

Answer 30

fascicles

Question 31

endoneurium made up of what type of tissue?

Answer 31

areolar connective tissue

Question 32

parasympathetic division called what? where are preganglionic neurons? function?

Answer 32

craniosacral preganglionic neurons are located in brainstem and segments of spinal cord rest-and-digest, and brings body to homeostasis

Question 33

sympathetic division called what? where are preganglionic neurons found? function?

Answer 33

thoracolumbar preganglionic neurons located in lateral functions: activated in emergency situations, fight-or-flight, exercise (excited states)

Question 34

neurons that synthesize and release acetylcholine are called?

Answer 34

cholinergic neurons | both same for parasympathetic and sympathetic for preganglionic axon release of ACh

Question 35

ganglionic neuron cell body and dendrites always contain receptors for what? and what are these receptors called?

Answer 35

Acetylcholine (ACh) nicotinic receptors

Question 36

sympathetic postganglionic axon releases what? and that means this neuron is called what?

Answer 36

norepinephrine adrenergic neurons synthesize/release norepinephrine

Question 37

Target cells contain either ACh receptors or NE receptors. For sympathetic pathway it must have receptors for ________ and these are called _________ receptors.

Answer 37

norepinephrine, and receptors for this are called adrenergic receptors

Question 38

For parasympathetic pathway target cells must have receptors for _______, and these are called __________ receptors

Answer 38

acetylcholine, and receptors for this are called muscarinic receptors

Question 39

most effectors receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions...what is this called? and what are the two types?

Answer 39

dual innervation 2 types: antagonistic effects cooperative effects

Question 40

antagonistic effects

Answer 40

parasympathetic activity slows heart rate; sympathetic activity increases heart rate -cardiac cells have both cholinergic and adrenergic receptors

Question 41

cooperative effects

Answer 41

seen when parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulations have different effects that are part of an overall response -ex. male sexual function penis erection due to parasympathetic activity ejaculation due to sympathetic activity (must work together for reproduction)