Test 2 - Need to Review Flashcards
- signal from limbic system to midbrain
- visceral and emotional responses to odors
habenular nuclei
Left Hemisphere, what it’s called, and what it is involved in
categorical
- specialized for language
- usually contains Wernicke and Motor speech area
- sequential and analytical reasoning (mathematic comprehension)
- right visual field
Right Hemisphere, what it’s called and what it’s involved in
representational hemisphere
- visuospatial relationships
- associated with imagination, musical and artistic skill, pattern recognition, and comparison of sensory information
- recognition of faces and spatial relationships
- contains left visual field
These two things are located within the pyramids of the medulla oblongata, and what does each of these things do?
corticospinal tracts - which are motor projection tracts involved in motor control that are housed in the pyramids
decussation - where most tract axons cross at the pyramids, so each side of the cortex controls movement on opposite side of the body (CONTRALATERAL response)
Thalamus structure and function
structure:
- gray matter mass
- composed of about a dozen thalamic nuclei
- nuclei organized into groups
- groups axons projecting to particular regions of cortex
FUNCTION:
- receives impulses from all conscious sense except olfaction
- the thalamus is the final replay point for incoming sensory information that is processed and projected to the primary somatosensory cortex
- it acts as an INFORMATION FILTER
Hypothalamus
What does it do?
- Master control of autonomic nervous and endocrine systems
- influences heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities, respiration
- secretes hormones that control activities in anterior pituitary gland
- produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
Be emotion when father sleeps.
- Body temperature
- Water intake
- Food intake
- Emotional behavior
- Sleep-wake rhythms - directs pineal gland to secrete melatonin, regulates circadian rhythms
Function of brainstem - what does it connect? what type of pathway? two main functions? and houses what?
and parts of brainstem
- connects cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to spinal cord
- bidirectional pathway
- contains autonomic (tagmentum) and reflex centers (tectum)
- houses nuclei of many cranial nerves
-midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Parts of midbrain
- substantia nigra
- tegmentum
- tectum
substantia nigra
- stands for black substance
- houses clusters of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine, which affects brain processes to control movement (think Parkinson’s), emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain.
tegmentum
- contains red nuclei
- integrates information from cerebrum and cerebellum (teg you’re it)
-issues involuntary motor commands to to the erector spine muscles of the back to help maintain posture while standing, bending at the waist, or walking
tectum - know what the tectal plate is
- controls visual reflex and tracking
- controls auditory reflexes (turn towards noise)
pons
- contains sensory and motor tracts that connect brain and spinal cord
- pontine respiratory center helps regulate skeletal muscles of breathing
- receives auditory input, involved in pathway for sound localization
Medulla Oblongata
My pal nanci can venmo me, ok?
- vasomotor center - regulates blood vessel diameter
- pyramids
- nucleus - recevices somatic sensory information, and sends signals to thalamus
- cardiac center - regulates heart output
- medullary respiratory center - breathing rate, works with pontine respiratory center
- other nuclei for varied functions: coughing, sneezing, vomiting, swollowing
folds in the cerebellar cortex are called?
folia
inner white matter of the cerebellum are called?
arbor vitae
cerebellum functions
- fine tunes movements, and center for muscle memory
- regulates activity along voluntary and involuntary motor paths
- adjusts movements initiated by cerebrum (corrective feedback), ensuring smoothness
- helps maintain equilibrium and posture (receives proprioceptive information from muscles and joints)
- continuously receives motor plans and sensory feedback. May generate error-correcting signals to be sent to the premotor and primary motor cortex
connects cerebellum to midbrain
superior cerebellar peduncle
connects cerebellum to pons
middle cerebellar peduncle
connects cerebellum to medulla oblongata
inferior cerebellar peduncle
- Found in the brainstem and extends into the diencephalon and spinal cord
- has both motor and sensory components
- RAS (sensory)
Reticular formation - a loosely organized mass of gray matter
SEE powerpoint
The motor component of the reticular formation communicates with the spinal cord and is responsible for regulating muscle tone (especially when the muscles are at rest).
lies between dura mater and inner walls of the vertebra, and characteristics of this space
epidural space
- has areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, adipose tissue
- epidural anesthetics introduced here
spinal dura mater consists of _______ meningeal layer(s)
ONE
tapering end marking of spinal cord proper
conus medullaris
nerve roots projecting inferiorly from spinal cord, and they contain what? Where is this housed?
cauda equina, and contin filum terminale
-cauda equina housed within the meninges
thin strand of ________ helps anchor conus medullaris to coccyx.
travels how?
- pia mater, and this is the filum terminale
- travels through meninges, out of meninges to coccyx
cerebrospinal fluid of the spinal cord travels to the spinal cord via _______ , and cerebrospinal fluid fills what space in the spinal cord?
- central canal
- arachnoid mater subarachnoid space
thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue, encloses the entire nerve
epineurium
- layer of dense irregular connective tissue
- wraps bundles of axons, called _________
- supports blood vessels
perineurium
- fascicles
- the perineurium surround fascicles, and it is all of the area between fascicles as well
- delicate layer of areolar connective tissue
- separates and electrically insulates each axon
- has capillaries that supply the axon
endoneurium
bundle of axons are called
fascicles
endoneurium made up of what type of tissue?
areolar connective tissue
parasympathetic division called what? where are preganglionic neurons? function?
craniosacral
preganglionic neurons are located in brainstem and segments of spinal cord
rest-and-digest, and brings body to homeostasis
sympathetic division called what? where are preganglionic neurons found? function?
thoracolumbar
preganglionic neurons located in lateral
functions: activated in emergency situations, fight-or-flight, exercise (excited states)
neurons that synthesize and release acetylcholine are called?
cholinergic neurons
both same for parasympathetic and sympathetic for preganglionic axon release of ACh
ganglionic neuron cell body and dendrites always contain receptors for what? and what are these receptors called?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
nicotinic receptors
sympathetic postganglionic axon releases what? and that means this neuron is called what?
norepinephrine
adrenergic neurons synthesize/release norepinephrine
Target cells contain either ACh receptors or NE receptors.
For sympathetic pathway it must have receptors for ________ and these are called _________ receptors.
norepinephrine, and receptors for this are called adrenergic receptors
For parasympathetic pathway target cells must have receptors for _______, and these are called __________ receptors
acetylcholine, and receptors for this are called muscarinic receptors
most effectors receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions…what is this called? and what are the two types?
dual innervation
2 types:
antagonistic effects
cooperative effects
antagonistic effects
parasympathetic activity slows heart rate; sympathetic activity increases heart rate
-cardiac cells have both cholinergic and adrenergic receptors
cooperative effects
seen when parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulations have different effects that are part of an overall response
-ex. male sexual function
penis erection due to parasympathetic activity
ejaculation due to sympathetic activity (must work together for reproduction)
