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Astronomy > Test 2 / Midterm > Flashcards

Test 2 / Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

spectroscopy

A

the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy; the measurement of radiation intensity as a function of wavelength

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2
Q

What is light?

A

wave of something in the electric field and the magnetic field

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3
Q

electric field

A

makes electric forces work

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4
Q

magnetic field

A

makes magnetic forces work

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5
Q

Which two scientists worked together to form spectroscopy? What two tools did they use?

A

Kirkoff - spectroscope

Bunsen - Bunsen burner

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6
Q

What did Kirkoff and Bunsen do?

A

They put various things in a Bunsen burner and watched through a spectroscope.

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7
Q

What two fields oscillate back and forth to make a wave? How so?

A

magnetic and electric

large positive > zero > large negative > zero > large positive > zero > large negative > zero…

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8
Q

What color has the longest wavelength?

A

red

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9
Q

What color has the shortest wavelength?

A

blue/violet

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of a red wave? (wavelength, frequency, energy)

A

long wavelength, low frequency, less energy

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of a blue wave? (wavelength, frequency, energy)

A

short wavelength, high frequency, more energy

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12
Q

frequency

A

number of times per second that a wave hits you

longer waves hit less often; shorter waves hit more often

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13
Q

Frequency is measured in ____.

A

Hertz

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14
Q

high frequency = ____ energy

A

more

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15
Q

low frequency = ____ energy

A

less

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of radio waves? (wavelength, frequency, energy)

A

long wavelength, low frequency, less energy

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of gamma waves? (wavelength, frequency, energy)

A

short wavelength, high frequency, more energy

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18
Q

How much energy do ultraviolet waves produce in relation to other waves?

A

a lot (hence sunburns), more than infrared but less than gamma rays

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19
Q

In modern astronomy, how much of the electromagnetic spectrum is used?

A

all

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20
Q

The formation of the three types of spectra are addressed in ____ Rules.

A

Kirkoff’s

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21
Q

What are the three types of spectra?

A

continuous, emission/bright line, absorption/dark line

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22
Q

Describe continuous spectra.

A

like a full rainbow, no discontinuous or stark changes

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23
Q

Describe emission/bright line spectra.

A

does not emit light; bright, narrow lines of color; opposite of absorption

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24
Q

Describe absorption/dark line spectra.

A

opposite of emission; looks like a continuous spectrum with lines missing

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25
Q

What is Kirkoff’s first rule? (How is a continuous spectrum produced?)

A

A continuous spectrum is produced when you have hot solid, hot liquid, or hot compressed gas.
ex. incandescent lightbulb; sun’s core

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26
Q

What is Kirkoff’s second rule? (How is an emission line spectrum produced?)

A

Emission line spectra are produced by hot thin gas. The wavelengths (colors) of the emission lines depend on the chemical compound.
ex. Sodium burns yellow.

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27
Q

What is Kirkoff’s third rule? (How is an absorption line spectrum produced?)

A

You must have a continuous spectrum first passed through a cool (lower temperature than whatever caused the continuous spectrum) thin gas. Wavelengths reflect the composition of the cool thin gas not whatever caused the initial continuous spectrum.

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28
Q

The sun is hotter in its ___ than its ____ ____.

A

core; outer atmosphere

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29
Q

What is the spectral result of the sun’s core being hotter than its outer atmosphere?

A

The core is the continuous spectrum source and the outer atmosphere provides a cool thin gas to create an absorption spectrum.

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30
Q

You must have a ____ spectrum before you can have an absorption line spectrum.

A

continuous

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31
Q

Can you tell what element is involved by the continuous spectrum?

A

no

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32
Q

Who figured out the structure of the atom?

A

Neils Bohr

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33
Q

What did Bohr determine about atoms in relation to element identification?

A

The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus determines the element.

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34
Q

Electrons orbit the ____ at different levels.

A

nucleus

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35
Q

Can an electron orbit the nucleus between levels?

A

no

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36
Q

Can an electron jump from one orbital level to another?

A

yes

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37
Q

To jump from a lower level to a higher level, an electron needs more ____.

A

energy

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38
Q

Where does an electron obtain the energy needed to jump to higher levels?

A

the electron absorbs photons of light

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39
Q

What type of spectrum is produced when an electron jumps to a higher level? Why?

A

absorption line spectrum

the photon/wavelength of light disappears because it was absorbed by the electron

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40
Q

What type of spectrum is produced when an electron jumps down a level? Why?

A

emission line spectrum

When it jumps down, it emits a wavelength of light and releases energy.

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41
Q

In what direction is the light from an electron emitted?

A

random

not necessarily in the same direction it was absorbed from

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42
Q

Every element has its own unique set of ___ levels.

A

energy

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43
Q

Each element emits and absorbs a different amount of ___.

A

energy

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44
Q

The Doppler effect applies to ___ and ____.

A

sound; light

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45
Q

Doppler effect

A

higher pitch means it is moving toward you; lower pitch means it is moving away from you

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46
Q

What are the characteristics of a high pitch sound? (frequency, wavelength)

A

higher frequency, shorter wavelength

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47
Q

What are the characteristics of a low pitch sound? (frequency, wavelength)

A

lower frequency, longer wavelength

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48
Q

What happens during a blueshift?

A

whole pattern shifted toward shorter wavelengths

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49
Q

What happens during a redshift?

A

whole pattern shifted toward longer wavelengths

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50
Q

Closer stars’ spectral patterns are shifted towards ___.

A

blue

This is not enough to actually affect the color of the star.

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51
Q

Farther stars’ spectral patterns are shifted towards ___.

A

red

This is not enough to actually affect the color of the star.

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52
Q

Why are telescopes placed on mountaintops?

A

to be above the atmosphere

less light pollution

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53
Q

What are the three function of an astronomer’s telescope?

A

1- Light gathering power
2- Resolving power
3- Magnifying power

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54
Q

What is the least important function of a telescope?

A

magnifying power

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55
Q

What is the most important function of a telescope?

A

light gathering power

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56
Q

Telescopes: ____ power is not worth it if you do not have good ____ and ____ power.

A

Magnifying power is not worth it if you do not have good resolving and light gathering power.
Before you get a large image, you must first have a quality image.

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57
Q

resolving power

A

image clarity
good- sharp
bad- fuzzy
second most important telescope function

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58
Q

light gathering power

A

allowance to gather or collect light to view faint/faraway objects
most important telescope function

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59
Q

What determines the magnifying power of a telescope?

A

focal length or eyepiece

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60
Q

Resolving power is determined by the main ____ or ___.

A

mirror; lens

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61
Q

If a telescope’s lens is doubled in diameter, you can see things that are ___ as big.

A

half

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62
Q

Lens diameter is directly related to…

A

what size objects you can see

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63
Q

If a telescope’s lens diameter is increased more than about 20 inches, the resolving power is determined by ____ _____.

A

Earth’s atmosphere

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64
Q

How does the Hubble telescope achieve better resolving power?

A

It is positioned above Earth’s atmosphere.

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65
Q

What is the formula for the area of a circle?

A

πr^2

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66
Q

Telescopes are like funnels in order to…

A

collect more light

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67
Q

If you double the diameter, the area increases by ___.

A

4

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68
Q

The light gathering power of a telescope depends on the….

A

square of the diameter

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69
Q

Resolving power depends on the ____.

A

diameter (of the main lens)

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70
Q

The diameter of the main mirror/lens determines the ____ ____ power and the ____ power.

A

light gathering; resolving

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71
Q

Lenses ____ and mirrors _____.

A

Lenses refract and mirrors reflect.

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72
Q

Refracting telescopes use ____ lenses.

A

convex (curves outward, as opposed to concave)

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73
Q

refract

A

light bends

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74
Q

focal length

A

distance from lens to focal point (eyepiece)

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75
Q

Formula: magnifying power =

A

focal length / distance to object

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76
Q

If a lens is heavy, it will…

A

sag or curve

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77
Q

What are the 2 primary disadvantages of a refracting telescope?

A

1- Limit to how big you can make them

2- Very expensive

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78
Q

What are the 2 types of reflecting telescopes?

A

Newtonian Design

Cassegrain Design

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79
Q

What are the 2 main features of a reflecting telescope?

A

eyepiece

prime focus configuration

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80
Q

What are 2 benefits of a reflecting telescope?

A

very large telescope

puts astronomer at eyepiece

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81
Q

Describe a Newtonian Design telescope.

A

low cost, cheap, good quality

has secondary mirror

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82
Q

Describe a Cassegrain Design telescope.

A

eyepiece at bottom for ease of use

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83
Q

What is the most common type of large telescope?

A

Cassegrain Desgin

84
Q

Describe a Schmidt Cassegrain telescope.

A

a little more expensive (than Cassegrain), better image quality, correcting lens

85
Q

What is the structure of a refracting telescope?

A

Rays from distant point source=======>LENS—(focal length)—>eyepiece (focal point)

86
Q

Studying the sun helps us understand ____ ___.

A

other stars

87
Q

The mass of a star can be determined using what?

A

Kepler’s 3rd law (as modified by Newton)

planets orbiting the star or binary system orbits

88
Q

Many stars are in ___ orbits.

A

binary (2 stars orbiting each other)

89
Q

A star’s energy output depends on ___ and ____.

A

temperature; distance

90
Q

What is the formula to determine the surface area of a sphere?

A

4πr^2

91
Q

To determine a star’s energy output, you must know…

A

how bright it appears to be and distance

92
Q

Luminosity is measured in…

A

watts (Joules per second)

93
Q

luminosity

A

how much energy is put out per second

94
Q

What is the sun’s energy output?

A

3.8 * 10^26

95
Q

A red star is ___ than a blue star.

A

cooler

96
Q

A star’s colors tells us its approximate ____.

A

temperature

97
Q

Where a star’s brightness peaks (on the color spectrum) is directly related to ___ and nothing else.

A

temperature

98
Q

How does the sun get its energy?

A

nuclear fusion

99
Q

How hot is the sun?

A

6000º K

100
Q

E=mc^2

A

energy = mass * (speed of light)^2

101
Q

In Einstein’s E=mc^2, ____ and ____ are interchangeable.

A

energy; mass

102
Q

What is the speed of light?

A

186000 miles per second

3 * 10^8 meters per second

103
Q

nuclear fission

A

something (such as heavy elements or heavy atoms) splitting and releasing energy

104
Q

What is the sun’s composition?

A

98% H and He

2% every other element

105
Q

nuclear fusion

A

lighter elements combing to make heavier elements

106
Q

The sun, at its start, had enough H fuel to last ___ years. It has ___ years left.

A

10 billion; 5 billion

107
Q

What is the process of the sun’s nuclear fusion?

A

4 H atoms make 1 He atom
that difference in mass is converted to energy according to E=mc^2
High density forces repel protons together

108
Q

Where do the sun’s nuclear fusion reactions take place?

A

in the core

109
Q

What is the purpose of a convection current on the sun?

A

transfers heat to its surface

110
Q

Sun: granules

A

bubbles from convection currents

111
Q

Sun: corona

A

very thin gas only visible during solar eclipse

112
Q

What are the four parts/layers of the sun?

A

core, photosphere, chromosphere, corona

113
Q

Who discovered sunspots? When?

A

Galileo; 1610

114
Q

sunspots

A

areas of sun that are a little cooler

where convection currents are not going or where energy is passing over

115
Q

Sunspots have very strong ___ fields.

A

magnetic

116
Q

Sunspots deflect ___ currents.

A

convection

117
Q

Different colored areas of the sun indicate a difference in ___.

A

temperature

118
Q

solar flare

A

brighter regions of the sun

119
Q

Sunspots and solar flares are directly related to the sun’s ___ field.

A

magnetic

120
Q

When sunspots and solar flares are present, the sun is ___.

A

active

121
Q

How long is a solar activity cycle?

A

about 11 years

122
Q

solar minimum

A

few sunspots or solar flares

slightly lower luminosity

123
Q

solar maximum

A

lots of sunspots or solar flares

slightly higher luminosity

124
Q

Describe a solar activity cycle.

A

(1-4 years) solar minimum -> (next 5-11 years) solar maximum -> (next 1-4 years) solar minimum -> (next 5-11 years) solar maximum -> (next 1-4 years) solar minimum…

125
Q

coronal mass objectives

A

material flying out of sun

could interact with Earth’s magnetic field

126
Q

What causes the Northern Lights?

A

coronal mass objectives

127
Q

The Little Ice Age

A

1650s - 1680s
very few, virtually no sunspots
solar minimum

128
Q

Medieval Grand Maximum

A

1000 AD; more sunspots than normal

129
Q

What causes global warming?

A

greenhouse effect caused by too much CO2 in the atmosphere

130
Q

The ___ of the sun can affect Earth’s climate.

A

luminosity

131
Q

Is the brightness of a star in a photo related to the size of the star?

A

nope

132
Q

For a red star and a blue star to be of equal brightness, the red star must be ___ than the blue star.

A

bigger

133
Q

What do absorption lines in a star’s spectrum tell you about the star’s temperature?

A

nothing

134
Q

If you know the luminosity and apparent brightness of a star, you can find the ____.

A

distance

135
Q

parallax

A

closer objects appear to move more than faraway objects

helps determine a star’s angular diameter and its distance from Earth

136
Q

heliocentric parallax

A

the parallax of a celestial star using two points in the Earth’s orbit around the sun as the baseline
helps determine a star’s angular diameter and its distance from Earth

137
Q

parsec

A

an astronomical unit of distance derived by the theoretical annual parallax (or heliocentric parallax) of one arc second, and is found as the inverse of that measured parallax; equal to 3 lightyears

138
Q

Brightness is measured in _____

A

magnitude

139
Q

The sun’s brightness is equal to ___ magnitude.

A

-27

140
Q

The brighter the star, the ___ the magnitude.

A

lower

141
Q

A 20th magnitude star is ___ than a 1st magnitude star.

A

fainter

142
Q

A 1st magnitude star is ___ times as bright as a 2nd magnitude star.

A

2.5

143
Q

A 3rd magnitude star is ____ times as faint as a 1st magnitude star.

A

(2.5)^2 = 6.25

144
Q

Stars we can see with the naked eye are between ___ and ___ magnitude

A

1 and 6

145
Q

mass

A

number of kilograms

146
Q

Size is determined using ___ and ___.

A

diameter and length

147
Q

If size is bigger, is mass bigger?

A

not necessarily

the larger object could be hollow or have low density

148
Q

On an H-R Diagram, where are white dwarfs?

A

bottom left

149
Q

On an H-R Diagram, where are red giants and red super giants?

A

top right

super giants above giants

150
Q

On an H-R Diagram, where is the main sequence?

A

curvy line from top left to bottom right

151
Q

On an H-R Diagram, what is the horizontal axis?

A

temperature or spectral type; highest -> lowest

152
Q

On an H-R Diagram, what is the vertical axis?

A 
luminosity or absolute visual magnitude;
negative numbers (more luminous)
^
1 (Sun)
^
positive numbers (less luminous)
153
Q

How do you determine the luminosity of a star?

A

with size and temperature

or apparent brightness and distance

154
Q

How do you determine the mass of a star?

A

Kepler’s 3rd law; orbits of stars; measured in kilograms; not equal to size

155
Q

Kepler’s 3rd law

A

There is a mathematical relation between period (time it takes to orbit sun) and distance from sun (au).
p^2 = K * a^3
or p^2 = a^3 if K=1
p=period; a=distance between sun and planet
K involves mass of sun

156
Q

How do you determine the temperature of a star?

A

color; spectrum
red = cool
blue/white/violet = hot

157
Q

Mass is usually measured in relation to the ____.

A

Sun

If the sun is 1, a star of 10 solar mass is 10 times the mass of the sun.

158
Q

Absorption lines depend on the ___ ___ of the star.

A

chemical compostion

159
Q

The H-R Diagram was created simultaneously and independently by

A

Hertzsprung (Dutch) & Russell (American)

160
Q

List the spectral classes of stars in order.

A

O B A F G K M - R N S

161
Q

What is the temperature range of the spectral classes?

A

O is the hottest, S is the coldest

162
Q

Which spectral class of star as the weakest H absorption lines?

A

S

163
Q

Which spectral class of star has the strongest H absorption lines?

A

A

164
Q

Is the strength of a star’s H absorption lines related to the amount of H it contains?

A

no

165
Q

Who first classified stars by spectra?

A

Annie Jump Cannon

166
Q

Who discovered that strong H absorption lines do not mean more H?

A

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin

167
Q

What do strong H absorption lines depend on?

A

temperature

168
Q

O is too ___ to have H absorption lines.

A

hot

169
Q

At ____ºK, A is just the right temperature to show H absorption lines.

A

10,000

170
Q

Why doesn’t M have H absorption lines?

A

M doesn’t have enough (heat) energy to bump electrons up to the right level (2) to have H absorption lines.

171
Q

All stars have the same chemical composition of…

A

70% H, <30% He, 2% other

172
Q

The H absorption lines that the spectral classification system is based on result from a ____ effect.

A

temperature

173
Q

Every element has its required ____ to produce absorption lines.

A

temperature

174
Q

A class stars produce ___ absorption lines.

A

H

175
Q

B class stars produce ___ absorption lines.

A

He

176
Q

G and K class stars produce ___ absorption lines.

A

elemental metals

177
Q

Goldilocks Range

A

perfect distance from a star to support life

ex. Earth

178
Q

Absolute Visual Magnitude

A

luminosity

179
Q

On an H-R Diagram, a positive number is ____ luminous than a negative number.

A

less

180
Q

Where is the sun on the H-R Diagram?

A

middle of main sequence

181
Q

Describe a white dwarf.

A

Hot, low luminosity, small in size (about the size of earth)

182
Q

Describe a red giant/supergiant.

A

cool, large in size, high luminosity

183
Q

How small (solar mass) can a star be and still generate adequate energy?

A

1/10 the mass of the sun

or .1 solar mass

184
Q

How massive (solar mass) can a star be and remain stable?

A

100 times the mass of the sun

or 100 solar mass

185
Q

What is the sun’s solar mass?

A

1

186
Q

cluster of stars

A

group of stars related to one another in space

187
Q

An open cluster is also know as a ____ cluster.

A

galactic

188
Q

How old are stars in an open or galactic cluster?

A

Relatively young

189
Q

Describe an open/galactic cluster.

A

Spread out, individual stars are visible, about 100 stars, usually young

190
Q

How old are stars in a globular cluster?

A

Rather old (10-12 billion years, around since the formation of the Milky Way)

191
Q

When were stars in a cluster formed in relation to one another?

A

About the same time

192
Q

Describe a globular cluster.

A

Stars densely packed in center, like a glob, individual stars only visible on the outer edges, about 100000 stars

193
Q

What holds a globular cluster together?

A

Gravity

194
Q

Nebula

A

Leftover dust after formation of stars

195
Q

What does the presence of a nebula tell you?

A

The nearby stars are very young.

196
Q

Parallax is used to determine a star’s…

A

angular diameter and distance from Earth.

197
Q

The ___ massive stars usually leave the main sequence and become red giants first.

A

most

198
Q

More massive stars age ____.

A

faster

199
Q

The more massive a star is, the ___ its main sequence lifespan will be.

A

shorter

200
Q

The less massive a star is, the ___ its main sequence lifespan will be.

A

longer

201
Q

Why do more massive stars evolve faster?

A

They burn through their H fuel faster in order to maintain their high temperatures and high luminosities.

202
Q

Do more massive or less massive stars have more H fuel?

A

more massive

203
Q

A star of 10 solar mass has __ times the H fuel, but it burns it ______ times as fast, because it puts out ______ times as much energy.

A

A star of 10 solar mass has 10 times the H fuel, but it burns it 10000 times as fast, because it puts out 10000 times as much energy.

204
Q

What is the coolest layer/part of the sun?

A

photosphere

6000ºK

205
Q

A star’s temperature is determined using…

A

color or spectral classification

206
Q

How many years does the sun have left?

A

5 billion

207
Q

Strong H absorption lines mean the star is…

A

at the optimal temperature to produce H absorption lines.

Astronomy (5 decks)

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