Test 2. Lecture 5-9 Flashcards
Who were the Macedonians?
The Macedonians were a mainly Northern rural people organized into clans rather than city-states, who the Greeks regarded as barbaric.
What did the Macedonians do in the 4th-century B.C.E?
They united under the strong leadership of King Philip II and his powerful army and became the strongest power in the Greek world.
*Who was Philip II?
the 4th century B.C.E. Macedonian King and father of Alexander the Great, most famous for building up the Macedonian Army which subsequently enabled his son to conquer much of the known world.
What did Philip accomplish in 338 B.C.E?
Philip’s army defeated Athens and the other Greek city-states, and strongly urged them to unite behind him in a national war against Persia.
What prevented Philip from undertaking the war on Persia?
He was assassinated.
^When was Alexander the Great’s reign?
(336 B.C. E.– 323 B.C.E.)
*Who was Alexander the Great?
the famous 4th century B.C.E. Macedonian king and general who is known as “the Great” because of his extensive military success’ (i.e.: reached Northern India) in so little time.
Who was Alexander a student of?
He was a young student of Aristotle who instilled in him a love of things Greek (i.e.: Homeric literature).
What was his character?
He was a charismatic military leader, who would throw himself into the heart of the action and/or danger.
When did Alexander become the Macedonian king and what did he have in common with his father?
Alexander became king at 20 years old in 336 B.C.E. Like his father before him, he recognized that a crusade/war against Persia could unite the Greeks in a common cause.
What did Alexander do in 334 B.C.E?
He invaded the Persian Empire with 37,000 troops and 5,000 cavalry.
By 332 B.C.E what places had Alexander conquered?
Syria, Palestine, parts of Persia (Iran), and Egypt, where he was proclaimed a pharaoh.
*What was Phalanx?
The Ancient Greek rectangular military formation of infantry armed with overlapping shields and long spears
used by Alexander the Great. (one of his most successful military strategies).
By Alexander’s death a decade later (323 B.C.E) what had he accomplished?
He had conquered all of Persia (where he took the title
of Persian king and married Darius III’ daughter), Pakistan, and Northern India.
How did Alexander get to India?
Alexander took a difficult route- the Hindu Kush, a highly elevated narrow passage, which his Army was required to pass in single file for 10 miles.
Overall what was Alexander like and what did he accomlish?
Alexander was a superb military leader who won all of his battles, he conquered the Persian Empire, he founded 16 “Alexandrias”, and his conquests extended Greek/Hellenistic culture across the Near East in the hopes of creating one great empire he desired.
He greatly inspired future conquerors like Caesar and Napoleon.
When was Hellenistic Greece?
(323 B.C.E.-150 B.C.E.)
What happened shortly after Alexander’s death?
His Greek empire was disintegrated in 323 B.CE and was
divided into four kingdoms ruled by his former officers (ie: Egypt -> General Ptolemy).
Internal war continued to divide the Hellenistic world
What brings the end of the Hellenistic period?
It came to an end when the Greek world was conquered by Rome in the middle of the 2nd-century B.C.E.
Lecture 6:
Republican Rome
What legacy did Rome leave on the Western world?
Architecture (ie: domed structures such as White House, roads, bridges, archways,
- Political Institutions (ie: Senate in many nations, including Canada & U.S.A)
- Legal system (ie: principle of universality, everyone = under the law)
- Languages (ie: Latin is the linguistic ancestor of French, Spanish, Italian, English)
- Fashion (ie: many men still keep their hair short, while women long)
What does legend say about how and when was founded?
Legend holds it was founded by the twin brothers Remus and Romulus (sons of Ares) in 753 B.C.E. (No one knows for certain when was founded).
Who were the Romans ruled by from 625 to 509 B.C.E?
Etruscans: an advanced people from central and northern Italy, ruled by kings under a loose federation.
^What two periods is Rome generally divided into?
Republican - 509-31 B.C.E
Empire - 27B.C.E.-476C.E
What did the Romans do in 509 B.C.E?
They successfully revolted against Etruscan rule and established a Republic, which was essentially a confederation of states under a central authority.
*The Republican government was mixed and consisted of:?
~2 consuls or magistrates who held imperium or supreme mil & civilian power
- elected annually by male citizens
- represents executive branch or monarchical element
~Senate, or advisory council
- Consisted of 300 (later as many as 800 patricians) appointed for life
- Senators were appointed by Consuls, (many were former consuls)
- Made major decisions regarding war, finance, etc.
- Represents legislative branch & aristocratic element.
~Assembly of Centuries, which elected Consuls
- proposed laws which had to be approved by Senate represented the democratic element.
~Assembly of Tribes, which represented all citizens and the democratic element
The history of Republican Rome was marked by bitter social struggles between who?
The patricians and plebeians
*Who are the Patricians?
the aristocratic landowning minority in Roman society
*Who are the Plebeians?
the common citizen majority in Roman society, excluded from public office
*What was the third social class in Republican Rome?
Slaves – were at the very bottom of society, and constituted about 20% of the Roman population, and included prisoners of war, their children, and condemned criminals.
What did the writings of Cado the Elder say about slave conditions?
He said they were horrible and that it was cheaper to work slaves to death, and then have to replace them, than to treat them well.
How were the three social classes and where you belonged chosen?
Law, not tradition. (Plebeians did gain some concessions from the governing patrician class).
*What were the Twelve Tables?
(450B.C.E.) - the first written compilation of Roman law binding on both patricians and plebeians that carried strict punishments for theft, debt, and other crimes
What did Rome remain despite this advancement?
The Roman Republic did not become a democracy, but
remained an aristocratic Republic.
When was the territorial expansion of Republican Rome?
(3RD -2ND C. B.C.E.)
What was the first stage (one of three) in which Rome’s Mediterranean empire was built? How did they accomplish it?
1) The Conquest of Italy, after 300 B.C.E. once it built up its mighty Army.
The Roman Army was the major reason for the Roman conquest of Italy
The heavily armoured (ie: helmet, breastplate, shield, sword, long spear, etc.) and well-disciplined Roman Army was the glue that held the Empire together.
By 265 B.C.E., Rome was the master of the entire Italian peninsula from the Po Valley to the toe
or boot.
*What was the second stage in which Rome’s Mediterranean empire was built?
2)* Conquest of -Carthage – a prosperous North African kingdom, and Rome’s first enemy outside Italy, which was ultimately conquered by Rome in the Punic Wars.
When was the First Punic War and what were they?
(264-241 B.C.E)
- First of the 3 major wars between Romans and Carthaginians which erupted over Sicily.
- Ended with Roman conquest of Sicily, which became the first Roman province (241B.C.E.)
- Shortly thereafter, Rome seized Sardinia and Corsica (2nd province, 238 B.C.E.)
When was the Second Punic War?
(218-201 B.C.E)
*Who was Hannibal?
Hannibal- the Carthaginian general who invaded
and occupied Italy for 15 years during the Second Punic War, and famous for his use of elephants as battle tanks.
The army of Carthage was led by him.
*What was the Battle of Cannae?
Battle of Cannae-The major battle (216 B.C.E.) of the Second Punic War in which Hannibal’s
Carthaginians defeated a much larger Roman Army, which lost an estimated 50,000
soldiers, and constituted one of the worst military defeats in Roman History.
The most famous and disastrous battle fought during the conflict
What did Hannibal fail to do?
Hannibal occupied Italy for 15 years, he failed to capture Rome itself
What happened in 203 B.C.E for Hannibal?
Hannibal was called back to Carthage to defend his homeland from Roman General Scipio in Spain, and was defeated by Rome at the Battle of Zama (202 B.C.E).
Carthage was forced to surrender Spain to Rome and to pay huge war reparations.
When was the Third Punic War?
(149-146 B.C.E)
What happened in this final conflict?
Rome resolved to demolish Cartage.
- Roman Senator Marcus Cato (the Elder) urged a total war against Carthage – “Carthage she must be destroyed.”
- Rome besieged Carthage with catapults and destroyed much of the city.
What happened by 146 B.C.E?
Rome conquered Carthage which became the Roman province of Africa.
In short, what did the Punic Wars do?
The Punic Wars made the Romans the rulers of the Western Mediterranean.
What was the third stage in which Rome’s Mediterranean empire was built?
Conquest of the Hellenic East (2nd c. B.C.E.)
What did Rome do once Carthage was defeated?
Rome defeated Macedonia (who had supported Carthage),
which became a Roman province in 146 B.C.E.
