Test 2 - Key Terms Flashcards
Ecchymosis
bruise
prevents problematic growth of blood clots
Fibrinolysis
production of RBCs
Erythropoiesis
the process of creating a wide variety of blood and bone marrow cells (erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes)
Hematopoiesis
the protein contained in red blood cells that is responsible for delivery of oxygen to the tissues
Hemoglobin
destruction of RBCs
Hemolysis
high WBC count
Leukocytosis
decrease in total WBC count
Leukopenia
low levels of neutrophils
Neutropenia
low levels of all three blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
Pancytopenia
pinpoint, round spots that form on the skin. They’re caused by bleeding
Petechiae
a disorder in which your body produces too many platelets
Thrombocytosis
recognition and ingestion of particles
Phagocytosis
rare blood disorder in which there is an increase in all blood cells, particularly red blood cells
Polycythemia
occurs when small blood vessels leak blood under the skin
Purpura
are undifferentiated or partially differentiated; special cells produced by bone marrow (a spongy tissue found in the center of some bones) that can turn into different types of blood cells
Stem cell
a condition that occurs when the platelet count in your blood is too low
Thrombocytopenia
a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy RBCs
Anemia
patient has peripheral blood pancytopenia (decrease of all blood cell types, RBC, WBC, platelets, hypocellular bone marrow) low incidence rate. Can range from chronic to critical.
Aplastic anemia
bleeding disorder. Profuse bleeding from the depletion of platelets and clotting factors. Caused by underlying disease that must be treated for DIC to resolve.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
a disorder in which the body can build up too much iron in the skin, heart, liver, pancreas, pituitary gland, and joints
Hemochromatosis
a disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made
Hemolytic anemia
X-linked recessive genetic disorder caused by defective coagulation factor. 2 types A & B. A most common, 80% of cases. Slow, persistent, prolonged bleeding.
Hemophilia
a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system (swollen lymph nodes)
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
most common. Decreased RBC production.
Iron-deficiency anemia
a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system (ALL, AML, CLL, CML)
Leukemia
a broad term for cancer that begins in cells of the lymph system (Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkins)
Lymphomas
group of disorders caused by impaired DNA synthesis and characterized by the presence of large RBCs. The defective RBCs are called megaloblasts. Majority of these anemias caused by cobalamin and folic acid deficiencies.
Megaloblastic anemias
cancer of the plasma cells
Multiple myeloma
a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature or become healthy blood cells
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
occurs when you have too few neutrophils, a type of white blood cells
Neutropenia
a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the lymph system (does not manifest with swollen lymph nodes)
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHLs)
most common cause of cobalamin deficiency is PA. which is caused by an absence of intrinsic factor. Onset begins usually after 40. North african or northern europe ancestry.
Pernicious anemia
increased RBCs. blood circulation impaired as a result of increased blood viscosity (hyperviscosity) and volume (hypervolemia)
Polycythemia
inherited, autosomal recessive disorder. Presence of abnormal Hb in the RBC. the abnormal Hb, hemoglobin s (HbS), causes the erythrocyte to stiffen and elongate in response to low O2 in the blood. Usually identified during infancy or childbirth. Incurable. Damage to lungs, kidneys, brain, retina, bones. Often fatal by middle age. Sickled cells cannot easily pass through the capillaries, leads to vascular occlusion and tissue injury.
Sickle cell disease (SCD)
group of diseases involving inadequate production of Hb and, therefore, decreased RBC production. It is caused by an absent or reduced globulin protein.
Thalassemia
reduction of platelets to an amount below 150 x 10 L.
Thrombocytopenia
the conduction system comprises specialized nerve tissue responsible for initiating and conducting the electrical impulse; this impulse
Action potential
is the peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle must pump
Afterload
a measure of the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the arterial system
Arterial blood pressure (BP)
occurs during the final phase of atrial systole when the atria contract and eject a bolus of blood into the ventricles (30% of cardiac output accounted for)
Atrial kick
the CO divided by the body mass index (BMI)
Cardiac index
the amount of blood pumped by the ventricle in 1 minute, reflecting the heart’s mechanical ability
Cardiac output
caused by inadequate supplies of the iron needed to synthesize Hb
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
the heart’s ability to respond to these demands by increasing CO as much as three-fold or four-fold
Cardiac reserve
performed with a left-sided heart catheterization
Coronary angiography
relaxation of the myocardium, allows for filling of the chamber
Diastole
is the residual pressure of the arterial system during ventricular relaxation.
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
percentage of end-diastolic blood volume that is ejected during systole. Provides information about the function of the left ventricle during systole.
Ejection fraction
sustained lifts in the chest wall in the precordial area that can be seen or palpated. Often caused by ventricular enlargement. Normally, no pulsations are seen or felt in the precordial area.
Heaves
turbulent flow sounds through a compressed artery.
Korotkoff sounds
reflects the pressure during one cardiac cycle that is exerted on vital organs. If MAP is low for a prolonged period, the organs may exhibit ischemia.
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
sound produced by turbulent blood flow through the heart.
Murmurs
mitral valve at apex of heart, site of strongest pulsation
Point of maximal impulse (PMI)
volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, before the next contraction. Preload determines the amount of stretch placed on myocardial fibres.
Preload
the difference between the SBP and DBP. it is approximately one third of the SBP.
Pulse pressure
contraction of the myocardium, results in ejection of blood from the cardiac chamber
Systole
the peak pressure exerted against the arteries when the heart contacts.
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
(pressoreceptors) are specialized nerve cells located in the carotid sinus at the bifurcation of the external and internal carotid arteries and the arch of the aorta
Baroreceptors
the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessel and must be adequate for tissue perfusion to be maintained during activity and rest
Blood pressure (BP)
the volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute
Cardiac output (CO)
sustained elevation of systemic arterial BP and is the leading cause for visits to primary care physicians
Hypertension
a severe and abrupt elevation in BP, arbitrarily defined as a DBP above 120 to 130 mm Hg. The rate of the rise of BP is more important than the absolute value in determining the need for emergency treatment
Hypertensive crisis
defined as a sustained elevation in SBP equal to or greater than 140 mm Hg with a DBP less than 90 mm Hg. (A one-time isolated reading of increased SBP is not classified as ISH.) Arterial BP increases with advancing age.
Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH)
a decrease of 20 mm Hg (or more) in SBP or a decrease of 10 mm Hg (or more) in DBP that occurs when an individual assumes a standing position
Orthostatic hypotension
elevated BP and accounts for the majority of all cases of hypertension
Primary (essential) hypertension
is elevated BP with a specific cause that often can be identified and corrected. This type of hypertension accounts for 5 to 10% of hypertension in adults and more than 80% of hypertension in children
Secondary hypertension
the force opposing the movement of blood within the blood vessels
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
a term that describes a range of conditions related to sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart, more serious manifestations of CAD
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
chest pain, is the clinical manifestation of reversible myocardial ischemia
Angina
is the major cause of CAD. It is characterized by deposits of lipids within the intima of the artery. Endothelial injury and inflammation play a central role in development
Atherosclerosis
refers to chest pain that occurs intermittently over a long period with the same pattern of onset, duration, and intensity of symptoms, therefore having a predictable onset
Chronic stable angina
arterial anastomoses or connections. Two factors contribute to the growth and extent: (1) the inherited predisposition to develop new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and (2) the presence of chronic ischemia
Collateral circulation
a type of blood vessel disorder that is included in the general category of atherosclerosis; it may affect the heart’s arteries and produce various pathological effects, especially the reduced flow of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
(an intervention to restore blood flow to the affected myocardium) with CABG surgery is recommended for patients who (a) continue to have symptoms despite medical management, (b) have left main coronary artery or three-vessel disease, (c) are not candidates for PCI (e.g., lesions are long or difficult to access), (d) continue to have chest pain despite undergoing PCI, (e) have left ventricular failure, or (f) are expected to have longer-term benefits with CABG than with PCI
Coronary revascularization
occurs as a result of sustained ischemia, causing irreversible myocardial cell death
Myocardial infarction (MI)
non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
NSTEMI
an intervention in which a catheter equipped with an inflatable balloon tip is inserted into a narrowed coronary artery and the balloon is inflated
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
(also called variant angina) often occurs at rest, usually in response to spasm of a major coronary artery. It is a rare form of angina and occurs in many patients with a history of migraine headaches and Raynaud’s phenomenon
Prinzmetal’s angina
occurs without clinical symptoms such as chest pain. It is noted by ST-segment changes only and may place a patient at higher risk for adverse outcomes and even death. Individuals with diabetes are especially at risk due to autonomic neuropathy and may not interpret chest pain
Silent ischemia
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
STEMI
unexpected death resulting from various causes, including cardiac arrest; many times not sudden - teaching people about the symptoms of impending cardiac arrest and the actions to take can save lives
Sudden cardiac death (SCD)
Chest pain that is new in onset, occurs at rest, or has a worsening pattern
Unstable angina (UA)
the transfer of a heart from one person to another—is the treatment of choice in carefully selected patients with end-stage HF
Cardiac transplantation
an abnormal clinical syndrome involving impaired cardiac pumping or filling, or both. Formerly called congestive heart failure, is the term preferred today because not all patients with HF have pulmonary congestion or volume overload
Heart failure
the inability of the ventricles to relax and fill during diastole. Decreased filling of the ventricles results in decreased stroke volume and CO
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)
represents many different characteristics of HF with a left ventricular EF of 41 to 49%. This term applies to patients transitioning to and from HFpEF.
Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmEF)
the most common form of HF, results from an inability of the heart to pump blood effectively. It is caused by impaired contractile function (e.g., myocardial ischemia), increased afterload (e.g., hypertension), cardiomyopathy, and mechanical abnormalities (e.g., valvular heart disease)
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)
occurs when the patient is asleep. It results from the reabsorption of fluid from dependent body areas when the patient is flat. The patient awakens in a panic, has feelings of suffocation, and has a strong desire to sit or stand up.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
an abnormal, life-threatening accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and interstitial spaces of the lungs. The most common cause of pulmonary edema is acute left ventricular failure secondary to acute myocardial ischemia
Pulmonary edema
a type of cardiac arrest, which is when your heart stops beating entirely
Asystole
the heart’s upper chambers — called the atria — beat chaotically and irregularly; may cause a fast, pounding heartbeat, shortness of breath or light-headedness
Atrial fibrillation
a type of abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia. It occurs when a short circuit in the heart causes the upper chambers (atria) to pump very rapidly
Atrial flutter
automatically diagnoses the heart rhythm and determines if a shock is needed
Automatic external defibrillators (AEDs)
is the ability to do things without occupying the mind with the low-level details required, allowing it to become an automatic response pattern or habit
Automaticity
send electrical pulses to help your heart beat at a normal rate and rhythm; can also be used to help your heart chambers beat in sync so your heart can pump blood more efficiently to your body. This may be needed if you have heart failure
Cardiac pacemaker
occurs when the electrical signal can’t pass normally from the atria, the heart’s upper chambers, to the ventricles, or lower chambers
Complete heart block
an abnormal or irregular heartbeat. An abnormal heart rate means that your heart rate is either too fast (typically over 100 beats per minute) or too slow (typically below 60 beats per minute)
Dysrhythmias
records the electrical signal from the heart to check for different heart conditions. Electrodes are placed on the chest to record the heart’s electrical signals, which cause the heart to beat.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
extra heartbeats that start in the upper chambers of your heart. When the premature, or early, signal tells the heart to contract, there may not be much blood in the heart at that moment. That means there’s not much blood to pump out
Premature atrial contraction (PAC)
extra heartbeats that begin in one of the heart’s two lower pumping chambers (ventricles). These extra beats disrupt the regular heart rhythm, sometimes causing a sensation of a fluttering or a skipped beat in the chest.
Premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
a type of irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia). The lower heart chambers contract in a very rapid and uncoordinated manner. As a result, the heart doesn’t pump blood to the rest of the body.
Ventricular fibrillation
a type of abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia. It occurs when the lower chamber of the heart beats too fast to pump well and the body doesn’t receive enough oxygenated blood.
Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)
a condition that can affect the heart, joints, brain, and skin. Rheumatic fever can develop if strep throat, scarlet fever, and strep skin infections are not treated properly.
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF)
occurs when the aortic valve narrows and blood cannot flow normally.
Aortic stenosis
allows some of the blood that was pumped out of the left ventricle to leak back in.
Aortic valve regurgitation (AR)
granulomatous lesions believed to be pathognomonic of rheumatic fever. Most histologic descriptions have been limited to locations adjacent to or within the myocardium. Aschoff bodies within valves are uncommon findings.
Aschoff bodies
a medical or traumatic emergency that happens when enough fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac compressing the heart and leading to a decrease in cardiac output and shock.
Cardiac tamponade
Any disorder that affects the heart muscle; causes the heart to lose its ability to pump blood well. In some cases, the heart rhythm also becomes disturbed.
Cardiomyopathy
when the heart chambers enlarge and lose their ability to contract. It often starts in the left ventricle (bottom chamber). As the disease gets worse, it may spread to the right ventricle and to the atria (top chambers).
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
a procedure used to obtain myocardial tissue to monitor for the occurrence of allograft rejection after cardiac transplantation or, less commonly, diagnose diseases of the myocardium
Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB)
a condition affecting the left ventricle, the main pumping chamber of the heart. The walls of the left ventricle become thick and stiff. Over time, the heart can’t take in or pump out enough blood during each heartbeat to supply the body’s needs.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
an inflammation of the heart caused by a bacterial or fungal infection of the heart valves or the inner lining of the heart (endocardium). If it is not treated quickly, it can lead to life-threatening complications.
Infective endocarditis (IE)
irregular, nontender hemorrhagic macules located on the palms, soles, thenar and hypothenar eminences of the hands, and plantar surfaces of the toes. They typically last for days to weeks. They are usually seen with the acute form of bacterial endocarditis.
Janeway’s lesions
the valve’s flaps do not always fit and close properly between each beat of the heart, which may cause the valve to leak blood backward through the valve back to the left atrium. This condition is called mitral valve regurgitation.
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
involve inflammation of the heart in response to an infection or some other trigger. Symptoms can include shortness of breath, chest pain, or the feeling of a rapid or abnormal heart rhythm.
Myocarditis
are cutaneous manifestations of endocarditis, a disease most commonly arising from a bacterial or fungal infection of the cardiac endocardium. Tender, purple-pink nodules with a pale center and an average diameter of 1 to 1.5 mm.
Osler’s nodes
the buildup of extra fluid in the space around the heart. If too much fluid builds up, it can put pressure on the heart. This can prevent it from pumping normally.
Pericardial effusion
a grating, to-and-fro sound produced by friction of the heart against the pericardium. This sounds similar to sandpaper rubbed on wood.
Pericardial friction rub
a procedure done to remove fluid that has built up in the sac around the heart (pericardium). It’s done using a needle and small catheter to drain excess fluid.
Pericardiocentesis
condition caused by inflammation of the pericardial sac (the pericardium)
Pericarditis
incomplete closure of the valve leaflets results in the backward flow of blood.
Regurgitation
inflammatory disease that may affect several connective tissues of the body, especially those of the heart, brain, joints, or skin. Potentially involves all layers of the heart. Endo, myo, pericadium.
Rheumatic fever
chronic condition resulting from rheumatic fever characterized by scarring and deformity of the heart valves.
Rheumatic heart disease
sudden interruption in the arterial blood supply to a tissue, organ, or extremity that left untreated can result in tissue death.
Acute arterial schema
permanent, localized outpouching or dilation of the vessel wall. (one of the most common conditions affecting the aorta)
Aneurysm
Dissection (tearing of the inner layer of the vessel) results from the creation of a false lumen (between the intima and the media) through which blood flows.
Aortic dissection
common disorder in women and older persons. Condition in which leg veins and valves fail to keep blood moving forward. Results in ambulatory venous hypertension.
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)
chronic ischemic rest pain lasting more than 2 weeks, arterial leg ulcers, or gangrene of the leg as result of PAD.
Critical limb ischemia
thrombus deep in the vein, most commonly by the iliac and femoral veins.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
blood clot that forms in a blood vessel, breaks off, and travels to another are of the body in the blood.
Embolus
ischemic muscle ache or “leg attack” that is precipitated by exercise, resolves with rest, and is reproducible.
Intermittent claudication
condition that involves thickening of the artery walls, which results in progressive narrowing of the arteries of the upper and lower extremities.
Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
occurs in 20%-50% of patients with VTE. venous stress disorder that develops from-long term effects from a previous DVT.
Post-thrombotic syndrome
overarching term that encompasses raynaud’s disease and syndrome.
Raynaud’s phenomenon
formation of a thrombus in a superficial vein, usually the greater or lesser saphenous vein.
Superficial vein thrombosis (SVT)
nonathersclerotic, segmental, recurrent inflammatory disorder of the small and medium-sized arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities
Thromboangiitis obliterates (TAO)
blood clot that forms inside on of your veins or arteries
Thrombus
dilated tortuous subcutaneous veins most commonly found in the saphenous vein system. May be small and innocuous or large and bulging.
Varicose veins
also known as venous thrombosis, a condition in which a thrombus forms in association with inflammation of the vein. Most common disorder of the veins.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE)
three factors that cause venous thrombosis
1. Venous stasis
2. Damage of the endothelium
3. Hypercoagulability of the blood.
Virchow’s triad
acute life threatening hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction to a sensitizing substance. Immediate reaction causes massive vasodilation, release of vasoactive mediators, and an increase in capillary permeability.
Anaphylactic shock
occurs when either systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the hearts pumping occurs, resulting in reduced stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and BP.
Cardiogenic shock
occurs from the inadequate fluid volume in the intravascular space to support adequate perfusion.
Hypovolemic shock
failure of two or more organ systems in an acutely ill patient such that homeostasis cannot be maintained without intervention.
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
develops when a physical obstruction to blood flow occurs, resulting in decreased CO.
Obstructive shock
hemodynamic phenomenon that can occur within 30 minutes of a spinal cord injury at the 5th thoracic (T5) vertebra or above and lasts up to 6 weeks.
Neurogenic shock
life threatening syndrome that arises when the body’s response to infection injures its own tissues and organs.
Sepsis
subset of sepsis and is characterized by persistent hypotension, despite adequate fluid resuscitation, and inadequate tissue perfusion resulting in tissue hypoxia.
Septic shock
decreased tissue perfusion and impaired cellular metabolism. This results in an imbalance between the supply of and the demand for oxygen and nutrients.
Shock
