Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho Fall 2023 Block 1 > Test 2 (hemoc/URI) > Flashcards

Test 2 (hemoc/URI) Flashcards

(126 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Causes the majority of the symptoms associated with allergic reactions.

A

Histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Inflammation and swelling of mucous membrane of nose.

A

Rhinitis

(Eyes, ears, sinuses and throat can also be involved).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Inflammation of the palate, tonsils and uvula (back of the throat).

A

Pharyngitis

(get a Strep test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Inflammation of the vocal cords.

A

Laryngitis
“barking cough”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MOA of Antihistamines:

A

Bind to H1 receptors and block histamine release.
Have mild anticholinergic effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Contraindications for Antihistamines:

A

For all H1: closed angle glaucoma, cardiac disease, kidney disease, HTN, bronchial asthma, COPD, PUD, seizures, BHP and pregnancy.

-Do not take if you have uncontrolled HTN as they can raise BP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sedating Antihistamines: 1st generation:

A

diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Indications for diphenhydramine:

A

mild allergic reactions, motion sickness, insomnia.
-Can also be given with severe anaphylactic reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Route of diphenhydramine:

A

PO or IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

diphenhydramine SE:

A

drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation=DRY.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

diphenhydramine NSG implications:

A

monitor closely for dizziness when ambulating, monitor for urinary retention and constipation.
-AVOID driving and activities that require mental alertness!
-Some people will have the opposite affect: hyperactive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Non-sedating Antihistamines:

A

loratadine (Claritin)
fexofenadine (Allegra)
cetirizine (Zyrtec)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bronchodilator Classes

A
  1. Beta-Adrenergic Agonist
  2. Anti-cholinergic
  3. Xanthine Derivatives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Beta-Adrenergic Agonist:

A

SABA: Albuterol & Levalbuterol
LABA: Salmeterol & Formoterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MOA of Beta-Adrenergic Agonist:

A

Mimic action of SNS–> FIGHT OR FLIGHT!
Relax & dilate the airways by stimulating beta2-adrenergic receptors throughout the lungs.
Bronchial dilation & increase airflow in & out of the lungs is the GOAL!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SE of Beta-Adrenergic Agonists:

A

Beta2 drugs can cause: HTN/hypotension, insomnia, restless, anorexia, cardiac stimulation, hyperglycemia, tremor, vascular h/a.

-NON-Selective have the most.

-Short 1/2 life so effects so away quick.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Contraindications of Beta-Adrenergic Agonist:

A

Uncontrolled HTN, cardiac dysrhythmias, high risk for stroke.
Can be given with beta blockers, but may diminish the effects –> watch for bronchospasm.
Avoid use of: MAOIs, sympathomimetics bc of HTN risk, DM patients may need to increase dose as they raise blood sugar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fun Facts about Albuterol!

A

-SABA; RESCUE DRUG
-Onset: minutes; inhaled q4-6h
-MDI/ned: 1st line treatment for asthma attacks, bronchitis & emphysema–> ACUTE wheezing , chest tightness & SOA!
- >1 cannister/month= indication of poor asthma control.
-Although can be used at prevention of EIA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fun Facts about Salmeterol:

A

-LABA
-NOT for acute tx–> this is a maintenance drug.
-Inhaled (powder) q12-24h or 2x/day.
-USE: worsening COPD, mod-severe asthma.
-ALWAYS given w/an inhaled corticosteroid- NOT indicated for monotherapy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anti-Cholinergic Drug:

A

Ipratroprium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Facts about Anti-Cholinergic drugs:

A

-Still a type of bronchodilator, BUT works on acetylcholine receptors, not adrenergic receptors.

-Give Anti-Cholinergic agents–>Turns OFF cholinergic response (PNS) & Turns ON SNS…SNS dominates = BRONCHODILATION –> increased perfusion to heart , lungs & brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

MOA of ipratropium:

A

Blocks action of acetylcholine= creates bronchodilation (by preventing bronchoconstriction).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ipratropium use:

A

PROPHYLAXIS (given every day) & maintenance therapy. NOT for rescue!
-Often given in combo w/Albuterol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

SE of ipratropium:

A

Dry as a bone, hot a hare, blind as a bat, Red as a beet, mad as a hatter:
urinary retention, dry throat/dry mouth, constipation, feel hot/decreased sweating, tachy, blurred vision, confused/ hallucinations, sedation, dizzy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Xanthine Derivative (Methylxanthines) drugs:
theophylline & aminophylline
26
theophylline & aminophylline MOA:
Increasing levels of the cAMP enzyme by inhibiting phosphodiesterase. Stimulates CNS & CVD system. -Increased cAMP enzyme= increased relaxation of smooth muscle & inhibit IgE allergic reaction.
27
theophylline & aminophylline Use:
2nd line treatment d/t risk of toxicity & drug-drug interactions. -Not a rescue drug. -Preventative tx of asthma attacks & COPD exacerbation.
28
SE of theophylline & aminophylline:
TOXICITY--> N/V/D, insomnia, h/a, tachy, dysrhythmias, seizures (more common in elderly).
29
Interactions of theophylline & aminophylline:
Caffeine may increase SE; smoking: decreases absorption. -Has narrow therapeutic index--> monitor serum levels & watch for toxicity--> REVERSE with activated charcoal.
30
Contraindications of theophylline & aminophylline:
-uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmias, seizure disorders, hyperthyroid, peptic ulcers. -LOTS of drug interactions: macrolide ABX, allopurinol, cimetidine, quinolones, flu vaccine, oral contraceptives.
31
H1 Blockers AKA...
Antihistamines
32
H1 Blockers: Antihistamines: subclasses:
Sedating Antihistamines (1st generation) Non-Sedating Antihistamines (2nd generation)
33
MOA of Diphenhydramine (sedating), Loratadine, Fexodenadine & Cetirizine (nonsedating)... (ALL H1 blockers/Antihistamines):
Bind to H1 receptors & block histamine release. -Have mild anticholinergic effects.
34
Contraindications of Diphenhydramine (sedating), Loratadine, Fexofenadine & Cetirizine (nonsedating)... (ALL H1 blockers/Antihistamines):
For ALL H1 blockers: closed angle glaucoma, cardiac disease, kidney disease, HTN, bronchial asthma, COPD, PUD, seizures, BPH & pregnancy. -Uncontrolled HTN--> NOT good to take! (raises BP).
35
Use of Diphenhydramine (Sedating-Antihistamine):
mild allergic reaction, motion sickness, insomnia. -Can be given with severe anaphylaxis. -DRY YOU UP!
36
Route of Diphenhydramine:
IV or PO
37
Nursing implications for Diphenhydramine:
monitor for dizziness with ambulation, urinary retention, constipation, AVOID driving/activities that rquire alertness.
38
SE of Diphenhydramine:
drowsy, dry-mouth, urinary retention, constipation, CNS depression OR can also have opposite effect-->Hyperactive!
39
Use of loratadine, fexofenadine & cetirizine (Non-Sedating Antihistamines):
Allergic rhinitis, chronic idiopathic urticaria. -ALL given PO
40
SE of loratadine, fexofenadine & cetirizine:
Less drowsiness & fatigue... you can take it in the AM.
41
Antitussive (cough suppressants):
1. Dextromethorphan (OTC) 2. Codeine (Rx) 3. Benzonatate (Rx)
42
MOA of dextromethorphan, codeine, benzonatate:
Directly suppress the cough reflex in the brain!
43
Route of dextromethorphan, codeine, benzonatate:
P.O., syrups, lozenges, sprays.
44
USE and SE of dextromethorphan, codeine, benzonatate:
Use: acute/chronic cough. SE: CNS depressant-->Do NOT take with other CNS depressants. Sleepy/drowsy. Potential for abuse!
45
Expectorant drug:
Guaifenesin (Mucinex)
46
Guaifenesin MOA:
Reduction in surface tension of secretion- helping thin mucus so easier to expectorate!
47
Guaifenesin USE:
to decrease mucus in colds, bronchitis.
48
SE of Guaifenesin:
Few--> mild GI distress.
49
Nursing implications for Guaifenesin:
-Increase hydration/fluid to help thin secretions as well. -Be careful in patients with chronic cough/asthma.
50
Mucolytics:
Acetylcysteine
51
MOA of Acetylcysteine:
Decrease viscosity of mucus making it easier to cough.
52
Acetylcysteine Use:
bronchopulmonary disease, CF
53
SE of Acetylcysteine:
FEW: BRONCHOSPASM (monitor lungs sounds) They smell awful--rotten eggs.
54
Route of Mucolytics: Acetylcysteine:
Inhaled: via nebulizer or through tracheostomy.
55
Sympathomimetics: decongestants:
Phenylephrine & Pseudoephedrine
56
MOA of Phenylephrine & Pseudoephedrine (sympathomimetics)
Mimics the action of SNS, activates, alpha1-adrenergic recptors--> causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels--> causing nasal turbinates to shrink & open nasal passages.
57
Phenylephrine & Pseudoephedrine Uses:
Reduce nasal congestion, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis & the common cold. - OPEN YOU UP & DRY YOU OUT!
58
SE of Phenylephrine & Pseudoephedrine:
All related to CNS stimulation-->agitation, insomnia, anxiety, tachy, heart palpations.
59
PSEDOEPHEDRINE Facts:
-potential for abuse -active ingredient in meth -OTC , but get from the pharmacy counter- limit of the amount you can buy/age.
60
Phenylephrine & Pseudoephedrine EDU:
Do not use >4 days--> rebound nasal congestion occurs if drug is abruptly stopped after prolonged use (taper off if taken 2-3 days).
61
Anti-inflammatory sub-classes:
1. Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists 2. Inhaled Corticosteroids 3. Mast Cell Stabilizer
62
Anti-inflammatory: Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists:
Montelukast & Zafirlukast
63
MOA of Montelukast & Zafirlukast:
LTRAs prevent leukotrienes from attaching to receptors located on immune cells & w/in lungs--> prevents inflammation. -Leukotrienes cause inflammation, bronchoconstriction & mucus production.
64
USE & Route of Montelukast & Zafirlukast:
Given P.O. Oral prophylaxis & chronic tx of asthma in adults & children (also for allergies). NOT for acute asthma attacks.
65
Age info for Montelukast & Zafirlukast:
-Montelukast: kids >12 mos (fewer drug interactions). -Zafirlukast: Kids >5 years
66
SE of Montelukast & Zafirlukast:
h/a, nausea, dizzy, insomnia, diarrhea.
67
Anti-inflammatory: Inhaled Corticosteroids:
Beclomethasone Dipropionate Budesonide Fluticasone
68
MOA of Beclomethasone Dipropionate, Budesonide & Fluticasone (inhaled corticosteroids):
Decrease inflammation & enhance activity of beta agonists & bronchodilation.
69
Route and NSG implications of Beclomethasone Dipropionate, Budesonide & Fluticasone (inhaled corticosteroids):
-Inhaled: Neb or MDI -Can take several weeks before full effect, -NOT A RESCUE DRUG. -Give bronchodilator (B2) FIRST to open up airways for better absorption of drug. -RINSE mouth after use (thrush).
70
SE of Beclomethasone Dipropionate, Budesonide & Fluticasone (inhaled corticosteroids):
pharyngeal irritation, cough, dry mouth, oral fungal infection.
71
Anti-inflammatory: Mast Cell Stabilizer:
Cromolyn
72
MOA of Cromolyn:
Stabilize membranes of mast cells & prevent release of broncho-constrictive inflammatory substances:
73
Use & NSG implications of Cromolyn:
-To prevent acute asthma attacks. -Take 15-20 minutes prior to known trigger (sports, pumpkin patch..). -NOT a rescue drug.
74
COMBO: Inhaled Glucocorticoid & Bronchodilator:
Budesonide & Formoterol (works in min) Fluticasone & Salmeterol (takes longer)
75
USE of COMBO: Inhaled Glucocorticoid & Bronchodilator: BF & FS: & KEY teaching:
-Moderate to severe asthma -Both have really long 1/2 life. -Never used for acute Asthma Attacks- even though they have bronchodilator in them!
76
Monoclonal Antibody Anti-Asthmatic:
Omalizumab
77
MOA of Omalizumab:
Monoclonal antibody which selectively binds to immunoglobulin IgE--> limits the release of mediators of allergic response (decreased hyper response).
78
NSG implications for Omalizumab:
-Must be monitored closely for hyper-sensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis= BIG risk). -Never give by itself. -Route: injection -Asthma Specific!
79
Selective PDE-4 Inhibitor Roflumilast MOA
Selectively inhibits PDE-4 enzyme in the lung cells. -inhibit PDE-4= decreased inflammation -Potent anti-inflammatory effect in lungs
80
USE of Selective PDE-4 Inhibitor Roflumilast:
-COPD (long-term) to prevent exacerbations--> No acute/immediate use. -Given PO
81
SE of Selective PDE-4 Inhibitor Roflumilast:
N/V/D, h/a, muscle spasm, decrease appetite, uncontrollable tremors.
82
Anti-Tubercular Drugs
1. Isoniazid (INH) 2. Ethambutol 3. Rifampin 4. Pyrazinamide 5. Streptomycin
83
Isoniazid MOA:
Disrupts cells wall synthesis essential functions of mycobacteria. -First line/most widely used drug for TB.
84
SE of Isoniazid:
peripheral neuropathy, hyperglycemia, hepatotoxicity, optic neuritis/visual def.
85
NSG implications for Isoniazid:
-AVOID antacids. -When given w/Phenytoin--> increased the effects of phenytoin (swollen gums, h/a, slurred speech, light-headed). -When given with Rifampin--> increased CNS & hepatotoxicity. -BLACK BOX: increased risk of hepatitis (give with pyridoxine (b6)).
86
Ethambutol MOA:
Diffusing into mycobacteria & suppress RNA synthesis, which inhibits protein synthesis. -1st line bacteriostatic
87
SE of Ethambutol:
retrobulbar neuritis, blindness.
88
NSG implications for Ethambutol:
-P.O. -Usually given in combo with INH & Rifampin (1 pill with all 3 in it). -NO children <13 yo.
89
MOA of Rifampin:
-Inhibits protein synthesis via attacking hydrocarbon ring structure. -1st line
90
SE of Rifampin:
Hepatitis, homologic disorder, red-brown urine/tears/sweat.
91
NSG implications for Rifampin:
Decreases effect of beta blockers, benzos, cyclosporin, anticoags, antidiabetic, phenytoin, theophylline---> may need to increase dose of these meds. -Watch LIVER function. -P.O. or IV
92
Pyrazinamide MOA:
Unknown- may inhibit lipid & nucleic acid synthesis. -bacteriostatic/bactericidal.
93
SE of Pyrazinamide:
hepatotoxicity, hyperuricemia.
94
NSG implications for Pyrazinamide:
-P.O.-->always in combo with other meds. -Not for patients with ACUTE gout or severe hepatic. -No pregnant women (in US).
95
Streptomycin MOA:
aminoglycoside-->interfering with normal protein synthesis causing production of faulty proteins w/in bacteria.
96
SE of streptomycin:
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, blood dyscrasias (bleeding times)
97
NSG implications for Streptomycin:
-IM injection daily. -Careful with pts on anticoags- can increase bleeding.
98
MOA of Erythropoietin stimulating agents: EPOETIN alfa:
stimulates erythropoiesis: increases Hgb & reticulocyte counts.
99
NSG implications for EPOETIN alfa:
-ONLY give is Hgb is <10g/dL (unless on dialysis). -Monitor blood tests weekly-->hgb goal >11. -Contraindicated for pts with HTN. -Do NOT give if: shaken, frozen, protects from light and do not dilute or mix w/ other drugs. -Route: IV or subcut (may also be given IV push). -MUST have adequate bone marrow function & iron levels for this to work.
100
SE of Epoetin alfa:
HTN, serious CV events (related to polycythemia state), Increased HCT=Increased risk; progression of cancer, injection site pain, bone pain, h/a. -Black box: stroke & heart attack.
101
USE of Epoetin alfa:
anemia d/t chronic kidney disease, HIV pts on Zidovudine, people on certain chemo, autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
102
B12 replacement:
Cyanocobalamin
103
Facts about Cyanocobalamin:
-Give IM weekly until levels normalize, then monthly. -Indicated for patients with severe B12 deficits & neuro symptoms. -Well tolerated- may have pain at site.
104
Diet for B12 def:
increase meat, fish, eggs, milk and other dairy products. (oral supplement 1-2mg/day).
105
B12 Anemia RBCs:
MACROCYTIC & NORMOCHROMIC: large abnormal shape and normal color.
106
Pernicious Anemia facts:
Autoimmune system disorder-->pernicious anemia--> parietal cells are destroyed--> decrease in intrinsic factor-->intrinsic factor is needed for stomach to absorb B12, so therefore B12 deficient. -Atrophic-gastritis, by-pass surgery and Crohn's also contribute to B12 def.
107
S/S of B12 anemia:
NEUROPATHY, low hct/hgb, ataxia, glossitis, dementia/psychosis, jaundice, irritability, fatigue
108
Folate Anemia RBCs:
MACROCYTIC & NORMOCHROMIC: large abnormal shape and normal color.
109
Folate anemia facts:
-Not a problem with absorption--> decreased intake and increased need. -Alcoholism, pregnancy, cirrhosis, diet and pregnancy. -S/S are the same as B12 BUT NO NEURO deficits.
110
Increased FOLATE diet:
fortified gains, fresh fruits and vegetables.
111
Meds for FOLATE anemia:
Prescription strength folic acid: 1-5mg/daily. OTC folic acid: 400 mcg/daily -Well tolerated- no SE.
112
Iron deficient Anemia RBCs:
MICROCYTIC & HYPERCHROMIC: small abnormally shaped and pale in color.
113
We CANT make hemoglobin without ____?
IRON
114
s/s of Iron anemia:
PICA, koilonychia (spoon shaped nails), glossitis (tongue), tired, pale, in childhood=cog deficits; murmur/angina, pagophagia (ice), restless leg syndrome.
115
Iron def Anemia is seen most in:
toddler, adolescent girls, pregnant women.
116
Treatment for Iron def anemia:
Ferrous Sulfate; Ferrous Gluconate or Iron Dextran
117
Ferrous Sulfate & Ferrous Gluconate facts:
-Iron def meds -give on empty stomach; do not crush/chew. -Only 20% is absorbed. -use a straw if liquid (stains teeth).
118
Iron Dextran facts:
-IM (1/5" needle) with z-track (stains skin). -Have EPI available (allergic reaction) -1st time dose: test IM/IV first.
119
SE of IRON drugs:
GI: nausea, heartburn, constipation, metallic taste, stains skin/teeth. -POISONING in children!!!! BIG EDU for safety! -antedote: deferoxamine= "chelating" iron so secreted in stool. -DARK stool is an expected finding -Decreased absorption with antacids; increased absorption with VIT C.
120
Allergic Rhinitis... and most common cause:
"Runny nose"/common cold -Pet dander
121
1. DILATE BRONCHIALS: 2. DECREASE BRONCHIAL INFLAMMATION:
1. Beta2adrenergics Inhaled anticholinergics Xanthine derivatives 2. Glucocorticoids Mast cell stabilizer Leukotriene receptor antagonists
122
Key words: "Persistent productive cough"
Bronchitis ("Goblet cells")
123
Emphysema
Loss of elastic recoil in alveoli- essentially collapse on themselves--> no gas exchange.
124
125
Key words: "Infectious mucus..." what condition?
PNA
126
Key words: "Hyper-secretion and inflammation..." what condition
Asthma

Patho Fall 2023 Block 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions