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Earth Science > (TEST 2) Earth Science, Lecture pt 4 (ch 13 and 14) > Flashcards

(TEST 2) Earth Science, Lecture pt 4 (ch 13 and 14) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are fossil fuels?

A

An energy source formed by natural processes from buried dead organisms that have been converted to fuels such as crude oil, coal, natural gas, etc.

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2
Q

What did people in the past use as an energy source?

A

They used windmills/watermills and then shifted to burning wood to produce more energy

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3
Q

What enabled the industrial revolution?

A

Burning of fossil fuels

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4
Q

What are some examples of non-renewable resources?

A

Crude oil, natural gas, and coal

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5
Q

What are some examples of a renewable resource?

A

Solar and wind

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6
Q

What is a renewable resource?

A

Alternative supplies of energy that can be produced at
fast rates and not a finite resource

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7
Q

What percent of energy do humans consume comes from the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas?

A

88%

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8
Q

What types of coal are the most desirable?

A

Bituminous and anthracite

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9
Q

Why are bituminous and anthracite coals the most desirable?

A
  • They produce more energy when they are burned
  • They have a higher carbon content
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10
Q

What happens to the carbon content as volatiles and moisture are removed due to increased heat from burial?

A

The carbon content increases

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11
Q

What is a coal?

A

An organic sedimentary rock formed from plant remains
deposited in swamps and marshes

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12
Q

What is the major use of coal?

A

The major use of coal is generating electric power

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13
Q

What is one of the largest sources of CO2 (a greenhouse gas)?

A

The largest source is burning coal

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14
Q

What is coal mainly composed of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and water

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15
Q

What are some environmental impacts of mining coal?

A
  • Explosions and collapses
  • Black Lung Disease
  • Land Subsidence (due to underground material removal)
  • Acid mine drainage
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16
Q

What are some impacts of mountain top removal mining?

A
  • Places waste rock in a nearby valley
  • Impacts the topography and streams
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17
Q

What are some environmental impacts of burning coals?

A
  • Acid rain
  • Releases greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) which contributes to climate change
  • Mercury deposition around the globe
  • Coal ash (waste product) contains many contaminants
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18
Q

What does crude oil refer to?

A

They refer to unrefined oil made
up of liquid hydrocarbons

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19
Q

What are some products made from crude oil?

A
  • Kerosene
  • Lubricants
  • Waxes
  • Asphalt
  • Chemical
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20
Q

How do we find oil and natural gas?

A
  • Identify oil/gas reservoirs
    with seismic waves
  • Drill exploration wells –
    used to verify if oil/gas is
    present
  • Put in production (i.e.
    extraction) wells
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21
Q

What is a source rock?

A

Where original organic material was deposited

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22
Q

What is a petroleum trap?

A

Configuration of rock units that allows hydrocarbons to accumulate

23
Q

What is a petroleum reservoir?

A

Rocks where oil and gas are being stored

24
Q

What is a cap rock?

A

Low permeability layer that overlies the trap

25
Q

What is air pollution?

A

Hydrocarbons not fully burned during combustion and released as exhaust

26
Q

What are nonconventional fossil fuels?

A

All fossil fuels except for the traditional sources (such as coal, light crude oil, and natural gas)

27
Q

When do tar sands form?

A

They form when oil moves upward within a reservoir of
porous, permeable sand is not stopped by an impermeable
sedimentary layer

28
Q

A highly viscous asphalt or tar is called a

A

Bitumen

29
Q

What is an oil shale?

A

A sedimentary rock containing kerogen that has not
been heated enough within the Earth to change the kerogen into hydrocarbons

30
Q

How do shale gas form?

A

When organic-rich black shales where extremely
deep burial and extremely high temperatures have broken
petroleum down into natural gas (methane)

31
Q

What is fracking?

A

Where high-pressure fluids and sand are injected to hydraulically fracture

32
Q

What are gas hydrates?

A

Ice-like substances made from
methane (CH4) and water molecules

33
Q

Why do we need alternative based energy?

A
  • Limited supply of fossil fuels
  • Environmental impacts of mining and burning fossil fuels
34
Q

What are two nuclear processes that produce energy?

A
  1. Fission - splitting of atomic nuclei
  2. Fusion - combining of
    smaller atomic nuclei into
    larger ones
35
Q

What are some alternative energy sources?

A
  • Nuclear
  • Solar
  • Geothermal
  • Hydropower
  • Wind
  • Biofuels
  • Tidal
36
Q

What are some pros for nuclear source?

A
  • Rich in energy
  • No carbon emissions
  • Reactors need little maintenance
37
Q

What are some cons for nuclear source?

A
  • Produces nuclear waste
  • Are expensive to build
  • Can use a lot of water
38
Q

When does solar heating occur?

A

When solar radiation strikes a solid object and is transformed into thermal or heat energy

39
Q

What are active and passive heating systems?

A

Active - involve mechanical
systems to collect and
distribute the heat
Passive - does not involve any
mechanical effort

40
Q

What are some pros for solar power generation?

A
  • Free energy source
  • Can last a long time without breaking
  • No type of pollution
41
Q

What are some cons for solar power generation?

A
  • Requires a large commitment of land and mineral resources
  • Uses toxic material in production; these materials needs to be mined
42
Q

What are some pros of hydropower?

A
  • Free energy source (uses gravity)
  • No carbon emissions
  • Controls flooding
43
Q

What are some cons of hydropower?

A
  • Needs a large footprint
  • Traps sediment by not letting it move downstream
  • Affected by droughts
44
Q

What are some pros of wind energy?

A
  • Free energy source
  • Can provide electricity 95% of the time
45
Q

What are some cons of wind energy?

A
  • Creates noise issues (sound pollution)
  • Has energy storage issues
  • May kill off wildlife
  • Impacts views (not in my backyard)
46
Q

What is geothermal energy?

A

Energy produced where heat comes from magma or higher geothermal gradient

47
Q

What are some pros of geothermal energy?

A
  • Free energy source
  • Is pollution-free
  • No carbon emissions
  • Competitive economically
48
Q

What are some cons of geothermal energy?

A
  • Can contain a lot of dissolved chemicals that can clog/erode pipes
  • Geographically limited
  • Can pollute local waters if released
49
Q

What are biofuels?

A

Energy created from the processing of living organisms (i.e. plants) into fuel to burn

50
Q

What is ethanol?

A

Made from fermenting plant materials

51
Q

What is biodiesel?

A

Fatty acids derived from
vegetable oils and animal fats

52
Q

What is a pro of biofuel?

A

A renewable fuel

53
Q

What are some cons for biofuels?

A
  • Reduction in natural forests and grasslands for farmland
  • Can cause food shortages on competing crops
  • Has carbon emissions when in production and burning
  • Raised prices for corns and soybeans
54
Q

What is ocean thermal energy conversion?

A
  • Temperature differences between surface (warm) and deep (cold) ocean water drives a turbine, producing electricity

Earth Science (7 decks)

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