test 2 (early development) Flashcards
physical development in body within first year
baby fat peaks and maintains body temp:muscle tissue slowly increases
what is the cephalocaudal trend
the head develops more quickly than the rest of the body. The head takes up 1/4 of the body in the first year then 1/5 after that.
what is the proximodistal trend
Growth starts in the middle of the body, then continues outwards. Hands and feet grow last
what is the skeletal stage of growth
In bone measurement during childhood it is the stage where cartilage hardens to bone. Finishes in adolescence.
Neurons
nerve cells in the brain
Synapses
Gap between every neuron that messages have to jump over. Neurons come very close together but never touch
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals released by neurons to send messages throughout the brain
Programmed cell death
Making space for the connective structures in the brain. Getting rid of synapses that are unused.
Synaptic pruning
Synapses die when they are not used. 50% of child hood synapses die (they are also over produced)
Glial cells
Mylenate the neural fibers
Myelination
The coating of neural fibers with a fatty sheath in order to improve efficiency of the messages.
Electrodense phylogram (EEG)
Records activity in the cerebral cortex and the brain waves that come out of it
Event-related potentials (ERP)
The response from the brain are recorded as to where we can see the general region of the brain that reacts.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Can detect the blood flow and oxygen metabolism in the brain as someone reacts to a stimuli
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Patient that is injected with radio active fluid is then given a stimulus. Can detect oxygen metabolism and the blood flow to the brain
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
A light is beamed into the brain and shows the blood flow and oxygen metabolism. Most appropriate for young children.
Cerebral cortex
85% of the brains weight. Surrounds the rest of the brain and develops last in the brain. Has the largest environmental influence.
Prefrontal cortex
Complex thought, inhibition of impulses, integration of information, reasoning, planning, problem solving
Lateralization
The specialization of hemispheres of the brain (right does arts work and left does science/math)
Brain plasticity
ability to hold new information and re learn if troubles occur
Experience-expectant growth
the brain organization and development depends on the experiences a child has.
interdependent self
Myan mothers believe their child needs to be sleeping with them in order to build a stronger bond
Independent self
American mothers believe their child should sleep on their own so they can be independent in their lives
Gross motor development
Actions that help infants get around in their environment
Fine motor development
Smaller movements like reaching or grasping t get used to the environment
Dynamic systems theory
learning motor skills requires the help from many different systems that are always changing similar to a forest with all its different components that are always changing and growing.
Pre reaching
Poorly coordinated swipes in front of an object in front of a new born. Not quite reaching but getting there
Proprioception
Sense of movement and location in space
Ulnar grasp
Fingers close against the palm (very messy)
Princer grasp
Around end of the first year. Using the thumb and index finger in the well coordinatedd grasp
Perceptual narrowing effect
perceptual sensitivity becomes more familiar and we start to recognize it better as we see it more
Visual acuity
fitness of discrimination of objects
depth perception
ability to judge the distance of objects between ourselves and others
Visual cliff
Plexiglass table with a “shallow” and “deep” side. When babies are young and just starting to crawl they will be interested in the deep side, but as they get older, they will avoid it all together
Binocular depth cue
Sight cue that uses both eyes.
pictoral depth cue
3D looking cues that tell the child depth cues. (textures, receding lines)
perceptual narrowing
“liking” what they see more of. if they see more white people, they will learn to feel more similarly to white people, even if the child is a different race
Size constancy
perceiving objects as the same even though the size has changed in the retinal reflection
Shape constancy
perceiving objects as the same size even though changes may have occurred when projected onto the retina
intermodal stimulation
input from more than one modality (sensory system like smell or taste)
intermodal perception
making sense of running streams of light like smell or taste or touch and processing as an integrated whole
amodal sensory properties
information not specific to a single modality but more than one sensory system overlaps
affordances
action possibilities that a situation or environment has to offer for the child with motor capacities.
epiphyses
growth centers where the cartilage turns to bone. 45 new ones emerge between 2 and 6 years old
cerebellum
balance and control of the body (back base of the brain)
reticular formation
alertness and consciousness, generates synapses and myelinates through early childhood (in brain stem)
hippocampus
memory and images of space to help us find our way
amygdala
big emotions, especially fear. Very sensitive to facial emotions
corpus callosum
fibers that connect the hemispheres. Supports smooth coordination on both sides of the body
