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Child psychology > test 2 (early development) > Flashcards

test 2 (early development) Flashcards

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1
Q

physical development in body within first year

A

baby fat peaks and maintains body temp:muscle tissue slowly increases

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2
Q

what is the cephalocaudal trend

A

the head develops more quickly than the rest of the body. The head takes up 1/4 of the body in the first year then 1/5 after that.

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3
Q

what is the proximodistal trend

A

Growth starts in the middle of the body, then continues outwards. Hands and feet grow last

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4
Q

what is the skeletal stage of growth

A

In bone measurement during childhood it is the stage where cartilage hardens to bone. Finishes in adolescence.

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5
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells in the brain

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6
Q

Synapses

A

Gap between every neuron that messages have to jump over. Neurons come very close together but never touch

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7
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals released by neurons to send messages throughout the brain

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8
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Making space for the connective structures in the brain. Getting rid of synapses that are unused.

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9
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

Synapses die when they are not used. 50% of child hood synapses die (they are also over produced)

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10
Q

Glial cells

A

Mylenate the neural fibers

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11
Q

Myelination

A

The coating of neural fibers with a fatty sheath in order to improve efficiency of the messages.

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12
Q

Electrodense phylogram (EEG)

A

Records activity in the cerebral cortex and the brain waves that come out of it

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13
Q

Event-related potentials (ERP)

A

The response from the brain are recorded as to where we can see the general region of the brain that reacts.

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14
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

Can detect the blood flow and oxygen metabolism in the brain as someone reacts to a stimuli

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15
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Patient that is injected with radio active fluid is then given a stimulus. Can detect oxygen metabolism and the blood flow to the brain

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16
Q

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

A

A light is beamed into the brain and shows the blood flow and oxygen metabolism. Most appropriate for young children.

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17
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

85% of the brains weight. Surrounds the rest of the brain and develops last in the brain. Has the largest environmental influence.

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18
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Complex thought, inhibition of impulses, integration of information, reasoning, planning, problem solving

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19
Q

Lateralization

A

The specialization of hemispheres of the brain (right does arts work and left does science/math)

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20
Q

Brain plasticity

A

ability to hold new information and re learn if troubles occur

21
Q

Experience-expectant growth

A

the brain organization and development depends on the experiences a child has.

22
Q

interdependent self

A

Myan mothers believe their child needs to be sleeping with them in order to build a stronger bond

23
Q

Independent self

A

American mothers believe their child should sleep on their own so they can be independent in their lives

24
Q

Gross motor development

A

Actions that help infants get around in their environment

25
Q

Fine motor development

A

Smaller movements like reaching or grasping t get used to the environment

26
Q

Dynamic systems theory

A

learning motor skills requires the help from many different systems that are always changing similar to a forest with all its different components that are always changing and growing.

27
Q

Pre reaching

A

Poorly coordinated swipes in front of an object in front of a new born. Not quite reaching but getting there

28
Q

Proprioception

A

Sense of movement and location in space

29
Q

Ulnar grasp

A

Fingers close against the palm (very messy)

30
Q

Princer grasp

A

Around end of the first year. Using the thumb and index finger in the well coordinatedd grasp

31
Q

Perceptual narrowing effect

A

perceptual sensitivity becomes more familiar and we start to recognize it better as we see it more

32
Q

Visual acuity

A

fitness of discrimination of objects

33
Q

depth perception

A

ability to judge the distance of objects between ourselves and others

34
Q

Visual cliff

A

Plexiglass table with a “shallow” and “deep” side. When babies are young and just starting to crawl they will be interested in the deep side, but as they get older, they will avoid it all together

35
Q

Binocular depth cue

A

Sight cue that uses both eyes.

36
Q

pictoral depth cue

A

3D looking cues that tell the child depth cues. (textures, receding lines)

37
Q

perceptual narrowing

A

“liking” what they see more of. if they see more white people, they will learn to feel more similarly to white people, even if the child is a different race

38
Q

Size constancy

A

perceiving objects as the same even though the size has changed in the retinal reflection

39
Q

Shape constancy

A

perceiving objects as the same size even though changes may have occurred when projected onto the retina

40
Q

intermodal stimulation

A

input from more than one modality (sensory system like smell or taste)

41
Q

intermodal perception

A

making sense of running streams of light like smell or taste or touch and processing as an integrated whole

42
Q

amodal sensory properties

A

information not specific to a single modality but more than one sensory system overlaps

43
Q

affordances

A

action possibilities that a situation or environment has to offer for the child with motor capacities.

44
Q

epiphyses

A

growth centers where the cartilage turns to bone. 45 new ones emerge between 2 and 6 years old

45
Q

cerebellum

A

balance and control of the body (back base of the brain)

46
Q

reticular formation

A

alertness and consciousness, generates synapses and myelinates through early childhood (in brain stem)

47
Q

hippocampus

A

memory and images of space to help us find our way

48
Q

amygdala

A

big emotions, especially fear. Very sensitive to facial emotions

49
Q

corpus callosum

A

fibers that connect the hemispheres. Supports smooth coordination on both sides of the body

Child psychology (4 decks)

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