Test 2 content Flashcards
solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern
crystalline solids
a liquid that freezes before its molecules become arranged in an orderly pattern ( noncrystalline solid)
amorphous solids
_________ solids lack internal structure and are randomly arranged
amorphouse
_______ solids: positive and negative ions that are held together by electrostatic attractions
ionic
What are the characteristics of Ionic solids
1.) high mp/ bp
2.) hard but brittle
3.) solids do not conduct electricity
_____ solids: uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons
metallic
What are the characteristics of metallic solids?
1.) high thermal and electrical conductivity
2.) metallic luster
3.) malleability
4.) mp and bp vary
______ ______ solid: the atoms are held together by a network of covalent bonds
covalent network
What are characteristics of covalent network solids?
1.) hard
2.) strong
3.) high melting points
_____ solids: are composed of neutral molecules
molecular
What are the three crystal defects?
1.) vacancies
2.) interstial sites
3.) doping
______: defects that occur when positions that should have atoms or ions are vacant
vacancies
_______: defect where atoms and ions occuring in irregular space in lattice structure
interstitial sites
______: defect where atoms and ions substitute other ions/ atoms in the lattice structure
doping
_______: homogenous mixtures of 2 or more substances
solution
________: the component in a mixture with greater concentration
solvent
_______: the component in the mixture with the lesser component
solutes
______: a solid solution of one metal dissolved in another
alloy
What are the characteristics of a solution?
1.) homogenous
2.) physical state of solution same as solvent
3.) components of a solution are dispersed on a molecular scale
4.) dissolves solute in a solution will not separate from the solvent
5.) the composition of a solution can be varied continuously
________: occurs without input of energy
spontaneous process
What two things can make a process spontaneous process?
1.) a decrease in the internal energy of the system
2.) an increased dispersal of matter in the system
______ solution: solution is formed with no accompany energy
ideal
What are the three types of intermolecular attractive forces?
1.) solute-solute
2.)solvent- solvent
3.) solute- solvent
________: stepwise process in which energy is consumed to overcome solute-solute and solvent-solvent attracting and released which solute-solvent attractions are established
solvation
________: substance that when dissolved in water yeild ions in solutions
electrolytes
_______: substance that when dissolved do not yield ions
nonelectrolytes
T or F: as ion concentration increase, electrical conductivity increases
True
__________ attraction: the electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole
ion-dipole
_____: the process of when ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between
dissociation
______ _______: conduct electricity because the solute molecules react chemically with the solvent to produce
covalent electrolytes
______: the maximum concentration that may be achieved under given conditions when the dissolution process is at equilibrium
solubility
______: solute’s concentration equals its solubility
saturated
________: solute’s concentration is less than solubility
unsaturated
______: solute concentration exceeds its solubility
supersaturated
With solutions of gases in liquids,
how does temperature affect solubility?
When temperature increases the gas solubility decreases
With solutions of gases in liquids, how does partial affect solubility?
When partial pressure is high, gas solubility is high
What is the equation for gas solubility in relation to pressure of the gas?
Cg= kPg
What is Henry’s law?
the quantity of an ideal gas that dissolves in a definite volume of liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas
When does Henry’s law have deviations?
When a chemical reaction takes place between the gaseous solute and the solvent
_______: mixed in any proportions to yield solutions
miscible
______: two liquids that do not mix to appreciable extent
immisicible
What is the equation for molality (m)?
mol solute/ kg solvent
What is the equation mole fraction?
Xa = mol A/ total mol of all components
What is the equation for molarity?
mol solute/ L solution
What two equations are not dependent on temperature?
molality and mole fraction
What are the colligative properties?
1.) vapor pressure
2.) boiling point elevation
3.) freezing point depression
4.) osmotic pressure
When a nonvolatile substance is dissolved into a volatile liquid the _______ _________ decreases because surface area decreases so evaporation decreases
vapor pressure
What is the law that is with vapor pressure lowering?
Raoult’s law
What is Raoult’s law?
the partial pressure exerted by any components of an ideal solutions to equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution
What is the equation of Raoult’s law?
Pa = XaP*a
_______: occurs when gases have significantltly different vapor pressures
distillation
When a nonvolatile substance is dissolved into a volatile liquid the ________ _______ increases because it requires more kinetic energy to evaporate
boiling point
_______ pressure is the pressure required to stop the movement of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane due to osmosis
osmotic pressure
What is the equation for osmotic pressure?
n (pie)= MRT
______ _____ factor: the ratio of solute particles to the number of formula units dissolved
van’t Hoff factor
__________ bond between molecules (physical properties)
intermolecular
_________ _______: interactions between nonpolar molecules
london dipersion
T or F: in london dispersion IMFs larger molecules are favorable because there are more electrons
True
____-_______ ______: an atomic ion interacting with a nonpolar molecule
Ion-induced dipole
Why do Ion-induced dipole interactions occur?
the electric field of the ion distorts the electron cloud of the nearby nonpolar molecule, temporarily inducing a dipole
____-_____ dipole interaction is where a polar and nonpolar molecule interact
dipole- induced
Why does a dipole-induced dipole interaction occur?
The polar molecule, which a permanent dipole, interacts with a nonpolar molecule, causing the electron cloud to shift and create a temporary dipole
______-______ interaction is where two polar molecules interact.
dipole-dipole
_____-_____ interaction is where a polar molecule and ion interact
ion-dipole
What does the strength of an IMF depend on?
the distance between molecules and the magnitude of the dipole
true or false: larger ions have weaker IMFs
true
If IMFs increase, vapor pressure ______
decreases
If IMFs increase, boiling point and melting point _______-
increase
if IMFs increase, surface tension _______
increase
What is surface tension?
the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid due to cohesive forces between its molecules
______ forces are the intermolecular forces that attract like molecules to each other.
cohesive
what is the equation for density?
p= m/v
What is viscosity?
a measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow or how thick and sticky it is.
What interactions hold ionic solids together?
the electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions
What type of interactions are in the molecular solids?
London dispersion
What are the interactions between covalent network solids?
covalent bonds
_________: interact strongly w/ solvent
lyophilic
________: interact weakly with solvent
lyophobic
What are the four different types of surfactants?
1.) anionic
2.) cationic
3.) nonionic
4.) amohoteric
What are the strong acids?
HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, HClO3,
What are the strong bases?
NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2
solid in a solid is
solid sol
solid in a liquid is a
sol
gas in a solid is a
solid aerosol
liquid in a solid is a?
gel
liquid in a liquid is a
emulsion
gas in a liquid is a
liquid aerosol
gas in solid is a
solid foam
gas in liquid is a
foam
