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Laboratory Equipment and Safety > Test 2 - Commonly Encountered Hazards > Flashcards

Test 2 - Commonly Encountered Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hierarchy of controls?

A

Engineering
Administrative
PPE

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2
Q

What are examples of Engineering

A

Fume hoods, biosafety cabinets

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3
Q

What are examples of Administration?

A

Safe work procedures

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4
Q

What is PPE ?

A

Eye protection. gloves, gown, respirators, masks

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5
Q

What is decontamination?

A
  • Procedures that remove contamination by killing microorganisms
  • Makes items safe for use or disposal
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6
Q

What is sterilization?

A

The complete destruction or removal of all microorganisms by chemical OR physical means

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7
Q

What is disinfection?

A

The destruction of specific types of organisms but not all spores, usually with chemicals

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8
Q

When are disinfectants used?

A
  • Of surfaces and equipment which cannot be autoclaved
  • After spills of biohazardous material
  • In discard jars and pipette jars
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9
Q

What are examples of disinfectants?

A
  • Diluted sodium hypochlorite
  • 70% Alcohol
  • Quaternary ammonium
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10
Q

When is sterilization used?

A

Used in some laboratories for equipment or materials used in tissue culture procedures or media preparation

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11
Q

What are examples of sterilization?

A
  • Steam autoclaves
  • Gas sterilizers
  • Filtration
  • Dry heat
  • Boiling
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12
Q

What are the operating parameters of a steam autoclave?

A
  • Temp 121 C
  • Pressure 15 psi
  • Time 15 mins +
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13
Q

How do you properly use a steam autoclave?

A
  • items loaded into heat-resistant plastic containers
  • items should not be stacked
  • lids should be removed
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14
Q

What is a biological indicator?

A
  • Viable microorganisms providing a defined resistance to a specified sterilization process
  • requires incubation for result
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15
Q

What is the common biological indicator?

A

Geobacillus Stearothermophilus

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16
Q

What are chemical indicators?

A

A system that responds to a chemical or physical which insure proper conditions were met during autoclaving.

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17
Q

What are some examples of chemical indicators?

A
  • Paper strips impregnated with a chemical, when conditions are met changes colour.
  • Glass tubes with a chemical which also change colours when conditions are met.
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18
Q

What is musculoskeletal disorder?

A

Affects muscles, tendons and nerves caused by over-use and repetitive strain.

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19
Q

What are the 3 common risk factors for MSDs

A
  • Force (exertions, effort)
  • Posture
  • Time
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20
Q

What are ways to improve ergonomics in the lab?

A
  • adjustability of benches and work surfaces
  • Variation of tasks/ scheduling
  • Lab stool/chair design
  • Storing heavy things on lower shelves
    -using carts to move heavy objects
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21
Q

What are some ergonomic exercises?

A

Light and gentle stretches of the arms, wrists, neck muscles, back muscles.

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22
Q

What are the dangers of compressed gases?

A
  • explode if heated
  • high pressure = wounds
  • Toxic, flammable, corrosive
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23
Q

What are precautions to take with compressed gases?

A
  • Cylinders should be stored upright and to an architectural support, in a seperate room than the lab.
  • carried with a dolly
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24
Q

What is the hazard of cryogenics?

A
  • Burns (due to the low temperatures)
  • Embrittlement of materials
  • High pressure build up in container
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25
Q

What are precautions to take with cryogenics?

A
  • Wear PPE, no jewelry
  • Mindfulness of remains on the vials
  • Containers = pressure build up = eye protection till release
26
Q

What are hazards associated with electricity?

A
  • source of ignition
  • severe injuries / fatal
27
Q

What are precautions to take with electricity?

A
  • avoid extension cords + multiple adapters
  • Pull from the plug not from the cord
  • Use outlets/ plugs with grounding connection
28
Q

What are hazards associated with ionizing radiation? Include the sources radiation.

A

Inhalation or exposure to nuclear substances could cause acute or chronic effects (illnesses)

Sources are:
- X-rays
- Gamma rays
- Alpha particles
- Beta particles
- Neutrons

29
Q

What are hazards associated with non-ionizing radiation? and their sources.

A

Lasers: cause injuries, fire
UV: Transitory injuries

Sources:
- Lasers
- Microwaves
-Ultraviolet radiation

29
Q

What are hazards associated with non-ionizing radiation? and their sources.

A

Lasers: cause injuries, fire
UV: Transitory injuries

Sources:
- Lasers
- Microwaves
-Ultraviolet radiation

30
Q

What are hazards associated with extreme temperatures?

A
  • Burns (hot equipment & liquids, steam)
  • Hyperthermia in hot environments
  • Burns and hypothermia from cryogenics or cold rooms
31
Q

What are hazards associated with noise?

A
  • physiological effects (hearing loss)
  • Psychological (disruption sleep, relaxation)
  • Interfere with communication
32
Q

How to minimize noise?

A
  • loud equipment should be placed as far as possible from workstations
  • equipment should be maintained
32
Q

How to minimize noise?

A
  • loud equipment should be placed as far as possible from workstations
  • equipment should be maintained
33
Q

What are hazards associated with pressure ?

A

Pressure differences can cause glassware to shatter or can result from temperature changes and chemical reactions within containers.

34
Q

How to minimize pressure related hazards?

A
  • Allow containers to return to room temp or allow from pressure to return to atmospheric before opening
  • PPE
35
Q

What are factors that cause stress?

A
  • Conflict
  • working alone
  • change
  • technological changes
  • fatigue and long work hours
  • Environmental factors (noise)
  • Personal (mental health, physical health)
  • Lab (errors, emotional, ethical issues, poor management, overtime)
36
Q

How can you reduce stress?

A
  • Keep work + non work separate
  • counseling
  • General health practices (eat well, sleep)
  • Communicating with supervisor
  • Seek treatment by physician
37
Q

What are disruptive behaviours?

A
  • Bullying
  • Verbal & sexual harassment
  • Physical and sexual assault
  • Intimidation and threats
38
Q

What are the basics of preventing abuse and violence?

A
  • Reporting system
  • Early conflict resolution
  • 0 tolerance fore disruptive behaviour
  • well designed workplace
  • Clear emergency response procedure
  • training & awareness
39
Q

What is bullying?

A
  • Bullying at work is the repeated, health or career endangering mistreatment of one employee, by one or more employees
  • examples : social isolation, rumours, over -monitoring work, excessive criticism
40
Q

What is technostress and how do you prevent it?

A
  • Stress caused by rapidly changing technology and the reliance on technology-based equipment
  • Sufficient training
  • problem solving resources
  • back-up plans
41
Q

What are other physiological hazards?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Work-life conflict
  • Poor health
  • Age related factors
  • Depression / Mental illnesses
42
Q

What are reproductive risks?

A

Reproductive hazards are any agents that impact the ability to have healthy children

43
Q

How do reproductive risks effect males and females?

A

Males:
- reducing # sperm
- change the shape of sperm
- alter sperm chromosomes
- sexual performance
Females:
- effect menstrual cycle
- Infertility / sub-fertility
- Miscarriage / stillbirths
- Birth defects

44
Q

What are reproductive effects?

A

Problems in the reproductive process, which may be caused by a substance

45
Q

What is a Teratogen?

A

A substance which can cause birth defects

46
Q

What is embryo toxicity?

A

The ability of a substance to cause harm to the embryo

47
Q

What is fetotoxicity?

A

The ability of a substance to cause harm to the fetus

48
Q

What is mutagenicity?

A

The ability to cause changes in the DNA of cells (mutations).

49
Q

What are precautions taken by the employer when dealing with reproductive risks?

A
  • Identify the hazards
  • Assess the risk
  • Communicate the information to employees
  • Control the hazard through engineering, admin and PPE
50
Q

How can reproductive hazards be reduced during pregnancy?

A
  • Notify supervisor and institutional safety personnel so risks can be identified and assessed specific to that employee.
  • Tasks should be reviewed and or modified to control exposure.
51
Q

What is a local exhaust ventilation system?

A

Air is supplied through the building HVAC system.
Not preferred when controlling exposure to airborne substances.

52
Q

What is a chemical fume hood?

A

A duct system with fans that capture and remove contaminants. This system uses a sash to maintain the air velocity within the hood.

53
Q

What is a biological safety cabinet?

A

A system of air supply and removal that is designed to minimize the escape of aerosols.

54
Q

What are HEPA filters?

A

Densely pleated filter of glass and paper fibres that filters biological agents from the air.

55
Q

How should BSCs be used?

A
  • Not crowd the back
  • Allow air to purge/ stabilize for 3-5 mins once everything is in the cabinet.
  • Work flow from clean to dirty
  • things should be discarded inside the BSCs
  • Allow air in cabinet to purge when work is completed.
56
Q

What is the difference between a chemical fume hood and a BSC?

A
  • A chemical fume hood is designed to remove chemical fumes and aerosols from the work area.
  • BSCs are designed to provide both a clean workspace and protection for employees from aerosols created when working with infectious agents or toxins
57
Q

What are canopy hoods?

A

Designed to capture heat or contaminants from machines or processes
- not for personal workstations.

58
Q

What are causes for problems for indoor air quality?

A
  • Temperature
  • Air flow
  • Humidity
  • Odours
    Can cause physical and neurological symptoms
59
Q

How can problems occurring with indoor air quality be avoided?

A
  • placing de-humidifiers
  • Contacting some one who specializes with HVAC systems.

Laboratory Equipment and Safety (4 decks)

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