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Environmental Science > Test #2 (Chapters 7,8,9,10, and 12) > Flashcards

Test #2 (Chapters 7,8,9,10, and 12) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Embedded Water

A

water used to produce goods

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2
Q

Reservoir

A

part of earth where water spends time

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3
Q

Hydroshere

A

contains all the places that hold water: surface, ground, and atmospheric

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4
Q

Residence Time

A

time molecule spends in a particular reservoir (water=9 days)

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5
Q

Aquifers

A

Subsurface areas of rock where water accumulates or passes through

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6
Q

Surface Water

A

rivers, streams, lakes, and wetlands

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7
Q

Lentic Ecosystems

A

have still water defined by distance from shore and the penetration of sunlight

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8
Q

Lotic Ecosystems

A

rivers and streams ranging from turbulent rapids to still pools

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9
Q

Wetlands

A

Where the ground is seasonally saturated

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10
Q

Estuaries

A

where fresh and saltwater meet, high in light and nutrients

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11
Q

Water Mining

A

Withdrawal of “fossil water” (nonrenewable)

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12
Q

Point Sources

A

Identifiable Sources (pipe, ditch, well) that discharge contaminants

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13
Q

NonPoint Sources

A

Discharge pollutants in a less identifiable way

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14
Q

Water Security

A

ensuring reliable access to safe, affordable water

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15
Q

Cryoshere

A

all places on earth where water is frozen

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16
Q

Permafrost

A

perpetually frozen water in soil/rock that can extend thousands of feet underground

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17
Q

Surface Currents

A

Affect the top 100-400 meters of water

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18
Q

Gryes

A

5 global currents (large circular patterns)

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19
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

A force caused by the Earth’s rotation that creates winds

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20
Q

Thermohaline Conveyor

A

surface and deep water circulation that distributes heat around the planet

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21
Q

Atmosphere

A

envelope of gasses 62 miles above earth’s surface

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22
Q

Troposphere

A

5-10 mile thick layer where weather occurs

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23
Q

Stratosphere

A

Extends from the top of the troposphere to 30 miles above Earth

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24
Q

Mesosphere

A

has the coldest temperatures

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25
Q

Thermosphere

A

top layer is warm due to solar and cosmic radiation

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26
Q

Weather

A

Short term variations

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27
Q

Climate

A

30 year average of weather conditions

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28
Q

Relative Humidity

A

Compares air to maximum water the air can hold at a given temperature

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29
Q

Barometric Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by the Earth’s atmosphere at a given point

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30
Q

Hadley Cells

A

looping weather patterns 30 degrees off the Earth’s equator

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31
Q

Ferrel Cells

A

circulation patterns that occur between 30 and 60 degrees

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32
Q

Primary Pollutant

A

Substance that is harmful to the atmosphere in its directly emitted form

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33
Q

Rock Cycle

A

geological process by which the Earth recycles and renews its surface

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34
Q

Erosion

A

Natural Forces pick up and move weathered rock particles

35
Q

Sediment

A

material that erodes and is transported

36
Q

Metamorphic Rock

A

subject to extreme temperatures and goes through physical and chemical changes through the process of metamorphism

37
Q

Minerals

A

Natural solids from Earth’s crust that provide key minerals

38
Q

Topography

A

shape of land

39
Q

Water Shed

A

area of land that drains to a particular point along a river

40
Q

Delta

A

sediment at the mouth of a river

41
Q

Hillslopes

A

Water flows into a drainage basin due to hills

42
Q

Glacier

A

mass of ice that flows over land masses and lasts all year

43
Q

Imperious

A

water cannot pass through

44
Q

Soil

A

mixture of weathered rock and mineral particles

45
Q

Infiltration

A

larger particles allow water to move down into the soil

46
Q

Soil Horizons

A

living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factors in the soil creating layers

47
Q

Soil Profile

A

typically less than three feet, makes up all different types of soil

48
Q

Tilth

A

overall structure and conditions which facilitate plant growth

49
Q

Leaching

A

process where water moving through the soil dissolves elements and carries them away

50
Q

Tilling

A

preparing the soil for planting by breaking it up

51
Q

Systems

A

collection of components interacting with each other to produce outcomes that they could not produce on their own

52
Q

Open System

A

affected by outside influences

53
Q

Closed System

A

self contained, neither receiving nor sending inputs

54
Q

Models

A

simplified representations of the world

55
Q

Stock

A

supply of something we want to observe and measure

56
Q

Flows

A

mechanisms and rates

57
Q

Photosynthesis

A

series of chemical reactions that uses water and CO2 to store energy in molecules

58
Q

Reinforcing Feedback

A

loop that responds to the direction of change by enhancing the same direction of change

59
Q

Balancing Feedback

A

negative feedback loop that counteracts with the direction of the loop

60
Q

Biogeochemicals cycles

A

paths that show how matter flows through the environment

61
Q

Macronutrients

A

elements that organisms use in large amounts

62
Q

Sink

A

place where matter accumulates and is held for a long time

63
Q

Eutrophication

A

process where phosphorus can alter marine and freshwater ecosystems

64
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

process where plants use nitrogen compounds that are dissolved in water and taken up by their roots from the soil

65
Q

Diazotrophs

A

bacteria that has an enzyme that uses free nitrogen from the air with hydrogen to make ammonia which is a mutualistic relationship

66
Q

Ammonification

A

process with fungi/bacteria where they break down nitrogen compounds in waste products, dead plants, and dead animal matter and release ammonia

67
Q

Nitrification

A

microorganisms convert ammonia to nitrogen compounds

68
Q

Methanogens

A

methane producers that thrive in oxygen poor or anoxic environments

69
Q

Ocean acidification

A

increased dissolution of CO2 in ocean water (Carbonic acid H2CO3)

70
Q

Agriculture

A

process of cultivating plants for animals and consumption

71
Q

Fallow

A

unplanted fields

72
Q

Synthetic Fertilizers

A

industrially produced chemicals with primary nutrients for plant growth

73
Q

Synthetic Pestisides

A

chemicals applied to combat insects and weeds and are widely used

74
Q

Genetically Modified Organisms

A

genetic material from one species is spliced into the DNA of another

75
Q

Leaching

A

water moves minerals away and deeper beyond the reach of roots

76
Q

Desertification

A

when drought, erosion, and soil infertility cause land to lose 10% or more of its productivity

77
Q

Subsidence

A

when land settles as water filled spaces collapse under the weight of overlying rock and soil collapses, reduces aquifers ability to store water

78
Q

Agrobiodiversity

A

variety of genetic material in organisms used for food

79
Q

Genetic Erosion

A

process where genetic diversity is lost

80
Q

Monoculture

A

agriculture process of growing a single crop, plant, or livestock

81
Q

CAFO’s

A

raise animals in confinement feeding them grains shipped from other farms

82
Q

Ruminants

A

animals with a plant based digestive system that turn plant cellulose into protein. They can’t process grain

83
Q

Organic Dust

A

From animal feed, breeding, and pesticide that can cause allergic reactions

84
Q

Salinization

A

the process in which soil that is low in salt becomes high in salt

Environmental Science (1 decks)

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