Test 2 (bio) Flashcards
What is Energy
the ability to do work
Kinetic Energy
energy in motion
Potential energy
stored energy
where does biological energy come from
the sun
ATP
usable cellular energy
Calorie
The energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree celcius
Metablism
the sum of all chemical reactions in an organsim
Diffusion
higher concentration to a lower concentration
passive transport
does not use cells energy
facilitated diffusion
diffusion with “help” from a protein
Active transport
requires energy (in form of ATP)
Also required when going from low to high concentration
Osmosis
When an molecule cannot cross hte membrane, water crosses instead
Isotonic
solutes are equal on both sides of membrane
Hypertonic
higher concentration
Hypotonic
lower concentration
osmoregulation
control of water balance
hyponatremia
“water poisoning”
Exocytosis
cell pushes OUT material using a vesicle
Endocytosis
cell pulls IN material using a vesicle
Autotrophs
convert inorganic compounds into organic compounds
“PRODUCERS”
What general pathway does energy take between the sun and ATP
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Heterotrophs
Must get their organic molecules from eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs
CONSUMERS
What groups of organisms do cellular respiration
plants and animals
Cellular Respiration formula
C6H12O6 + O2 –> CO2 + H2O
What are the three stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
Where does respiration happen
mitochondria
Glycolysis
Glucose is broken down into Pyruvic Acid -NADH grabs electrons -A little ATP is made Pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA -NADH grabs electrons
Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl CoA is broken down to CO2
- NADH grabs electrons
- A littels ATP is made
Electron Transport Chain
- Electrons are delivered by NADH
- A LOT of ATP is created
- H2O is released
What is oxygen’s role in cellular respiration
Oxygen is at the base of the “stair case” to catch the electrons then turns into water
What molecules transports electrons between stages?
NADH
What happens when Oxygen is absent
Only use glycolysis
Fermentation
making ATP in the absence of oxygen
Lactic Acid Fermentation
cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, pickles, olives, etc..
-also happens in humans
Alcoholic Fermentation
beer, wine, bread
- happens in yeast
- RELEASES CO2
How does gycolysis give us clues into our evolutionary past
almost everyone can do it
What ancient organisms paved the way for modern oxygen-using eukaryotes
Ancient Cyanobacteria
Why do leaves appear green
leaves adsorb red and blue wavelengths and reflect green wavelengths
Where in the plant does photosynthesis occur
The leaves
Chloroplast
organelle where photosynthesis takes place
Thylakoid
photosynthetic sites within chloroplasts
chlorophyll
light capturing pigment
Formula for photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O –> C6H12O6 + O2
Light reactions
need light
dark reactions
do not need light
What goes in and out of the light reactions
H2O goes in
O2 and NADPH (electrons) come out
Light Reactions Process
- Chlorophyll escites electrons, slpits water, releases oxygen
- electrons go down electron tranport chain to move hydrogen ions
- chlorophyll excites electrons again, transfers them to NADPH
- ATP synthases makes ATP, using hydrogen ion gradiant
What goes in and out of dark reactions
- CO2 goes in
- glucose comes out
-ATP and electron NADPH are alsoused
How do plants that are not green get their nutrients
plant parasites tap into green plants and steal their water and nutrients
What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common
both similar to bacteria
- Aerobic (oxygen-using) bacteria
- photosynthetic bacterium
Endosymbiont Theory
Endosymbiosis is when something is engulfed by something else
Why do cells divide
replaced damage cells/heal; growth and development; reproduction
Mitosis
Type of cell division that makes two genetically identical copies of original cell
-DNA has to duplicate BEFORE the cell divides
What are the three parts of the cell cycle
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Which part of cell cycle do cells spend most of their time
Interphase
Gene
a section of DNA that codes for a protein
Chromosome
A string of DNA that has been “packaged” for cell division
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place
Interphase
What are the stages of Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
PMAT
Prophase
Can see individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up down the middle, ready to separate
Anaphase
Chromosomes are beginning to separate
Telophase
Chromosomes are completely separated to either end of the cell
How is cytokinesis different in plants and animal cells?
Plant cells: cell plate forms–> baby cell wall the grows in the middle and then the cell wall pops into two new cells
Animal cells: cleavage furrow forms–> cell pinches in the middle and then pops apart
Cell cycle control
specialized proteins send “stop” and “go-ahead” signals during the cell cycle
What happens when control of the cell cycle fails
Cancer
What causes cancer
loss of cell cycle control, can form abnormal masses called tumors
Metastasis
cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels
how does cancer therapy work
targets rapidly dividing cells
Why is hair loss so common with chemo
hair follicles grow rapidly, so hair is often lost
binary fission
cell division in prokaryotes
1) DNA duplicates
2) cell membrane elongates and folds in
3) cell seperates
How is sexual reproduction different than asexual reproduction
sexual reproductions requires the fertilization of an egg by a sperm
What groups do sexual reproduction
animal, plants, and some algae and fungi
What would happen if sexual reproduction happened by mitosis
with each generation, the number of chromosomes would double
Which half of chromosomes goes into eggs and sperm
one of each pair
How does sexual reproduction by meiosis maintain the number of chromosomes
fertilization
Diploid
2 copies of each gene (2n)
Haploid
1 copy of each gene (1n)
Stages of Meiosis
PMAT 1 and PMAT 2
Metaphase 1
line up in any way by their chromosome pairs (no longer with homologous pair in telophase 1)
What is the outcome of meiosis
4 haploid cells (each with half of parents chromosomes)
Law of Independent Assortment
- each offspring gets different combination of gene
- an egg or sperm can get any combination of chromosomes
- -any sperm can combine with any egg
How does the male determine the sex of the offspring
he has one X and one Y chromosome,
What is nondisjunction
when chromosomes don’t separate properly
-leads to an abnormal sperm or egg
-a resulting condition could be down-syndrome ( 3 of chromosome 21)
