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Bio 100 > Test 2 (bio) > Flashcards

Test 2 (bio) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Energy

A

the ability to do work

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2
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy in motion

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy

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4
Q

where does biological energy come from

A

the sun

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5
Q

ATP

A

usable cellular energy

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6
Q

Calorie

A

The energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree celcius

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7
Q

Metablism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in an organsim

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8
Q

Diffusion

A

higher concentration to a lower concentration

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9
Q

passive transport

A

does not use cells energy

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10
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion with “help” from a protein

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11
Q

Active transport

A

requires energy (in form of ATP)

Also required when going from low to high concentration

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12
Q

Osmosis

A

When an molecule cannot cross hte membrane, water crosses instead

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13
Q

Isotonic

A

solutes are equal on both sides of membrane

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14
Q

Hypertonic

A

higher concentration

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15
Q

Hypotonic

A

lower concentration

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16
Q

osmoregulation

A

control of water balance

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17
Q

hyponatremia

A

“water poisoning”

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18
Q

Exocytosis

A

cell pushes OUT material using a vesicle

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19
Q

Endocytosis

A

cell pulls IN material using a vesicle

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20
Q

Autotrophs

A

convert inorganic compounds into organic compounds

“PRODUCERS”

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21
Q

What general pathway does energy take between the sun and ATP

A

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

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22
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Must get their organic molecules from eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs

CONSUMERS

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23
Q

What groups of organisms do cellular respiration

A

plants and animals

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24
Q

Cellular Respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 + O2 –> CO2 + H2O

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25
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

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26
Q

Where does respiration happen

A

mitochondria

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27
Q

Glycolysis

A 
Glucose is broken down into Pyruvic Acid
 -NADH grabs electrons
 -A little ATP is made
Pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA
 -NADH grabs electrons
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28
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA is broken down to CO2

  • NADH grabs electrons
  • A littels ATP is made
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29
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A
  • Electrons are delivered by NADH
  • A LOT of ATP is created
  • H2O is released
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30
Q

What is oxygen’s role in cellular respiration

A

Oxygen is at the base of the “stair case” to catch the electrons then turns into water

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31
Q

What molecules transports electrons between stages?

A

NADH

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32
Q

What happens when Oxygen is absent

A

Only use glycolysis

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33
Q

Fermentation

A

making ATP in the absence of oxygen

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34
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, pickles, olives, etc..

-also happens in humans

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35
Q

Alcoholic Fermentation

A

beer, wine, bread

  • happens in yeast
  • RELEASES CO2
36
Q

How does gycolysis give us clues into our evolutionary past

A

almost everyone can do it

37
Q

What ancient organisms paved the way for modern oxygen-using eukaryotes

A

Ancient Cyanobacteria

38
Q

Why do leaves appear green

A

leaves adsorb red and blue wavelengths and reflect green wavelengths

39
Q

Where in the plant does photosynthesis occur

A

The leaves

40
Q

Chloroplast

A

organelle where photosynthesis takes place

41
Q

Thylakoid

A

photosynthetic sites within chloroplasts

42
Q

chlorophyll

A

light capturing pigment

43
Q

Formula for photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O –> C6H12O6 + O2

44
Q

Light reactions

A

need light

45
Q

dark reactions

A

do not need light

46
Q

What goes in and out of the light reactions

A

H2O goes in

O2 and NADPH (electrons) come out

47
Q

Light Reactions Process

A
  • Chlorophyll escites electrons, slpits water, releases oxygen
  • electrons go down electron tranport chain to move hydrogen ions
  • chlorophyll excites electrons again, transfers them to NADPH
  • ATP synthases makes ATP, using hydrogen ion gradiant
48
Q

What goes in and out of dark reactions

A
  • CO2 goes in
  • glucose comes out

-ATP and electron NADPH are alsoused

49
Q

How do plants that are not green get their nutrients

A

plant parasites tap into green plants and steal their water and nutrients

50
Q

What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common

A

both similar to bacteria

  • Aerobic (oxygen-using) bacteria
  • photosynthetic bacterium
51
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

Endosymbiosis is when something is engulfed by something else

52
Q

Why do cells divide

A

replaced damage cells/heal; growth and development; reproduction

53
Q

Mitosis

A

Type of cell division that makes two genetically identical copies of original cell

-DNA has to duplicate BEFORE the cell divides

54
Q

What are the three parts of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

55
Q

Which part of cell cycle do cells spend most of their time

A

Interphase

56
Q

Gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a protein

57
Q

Chromosome

A

A string of DNA that has been “packaged” for cell division

58
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

59
Q

In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place

A

Interphase

60
Q

What are the stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

PMAT

61
Q

Prophase

A

Can see individual chromosomes

62
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up down the middle, ready to separate

63
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are beginning to separate

64
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes are completely separated to either end of the cell

65
Q

How is cytokinesis different in plants and animal cells?

A

Plant cells: cell plate forms–> baby cell wall the grows in the middle and then the cell wall pops into two new cells

Animal cells: cleavage furrow forms–> cell pinches in the middle and then pops apart

66
Q

Cell cycle control

A

specialized proteins send “stop” and “go-ahead” signals during the cell cycle

67
Q

What happens when control of the cell cycle fails

A

Cancer

68
Q

What causes cancer

A

loss of cell cycle control, can form abnormal masses called tumors

69
Q

Metastasis

A

cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels

70
Q

how does cancer therapy work

A

targets rapidly dividing cells

71
Q

Why is hair loss so common with chemo

A

hair follicles grow rapidly, so hair is often lost

72
Q

binary fission

A

cell division in prokaryotes

1) DNA duplicates
2) cell membrane elongates and folds in
3) cell seperates

73
Q

How is sexual reproduction different than asexual reproduction

A

sexual reproductions requires the fertilization of an egg by a sperm

74
Q

What groups do sexual reproduction

A

animal, plants, and some algae and fungi

75
Q

What would happen if sexual reproduction happened by mitosis

A

with each generation, the number of chromosomes would double

76
Q

Which half of chromosomes goes into eggs and sperm

A

one of each pair

77
Q

How does sexual reproduction by meiosis maintain the number of chromosomes

A

fertilization

78
Q

Diploid

A

2 copies of each gene (2n)

79
Q

Haploid

A

1 copy of each gene (1n)

80
Q

Stages of Meiosis

A

PMAT 1 and PMAT 2

81
Q

Metaphase 1

A

line up in any way by their chromosome pairs (no longer with homologous pair in telophase 1)

82
Q

What is the outcome of meiosis

A

4 haploid cells (each with half of parents chromosomes)

83
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A
  • each offspring gets different combination of gene
  • an egg or sperm can get any combination of chromosomes
  • -any sperm can combine with any egg
84
Q

How does the male determine the sex of the offspring

A

he has one X and one Y chromosome,

85
Q

What is nondisjunction

A

when chromosomes don’t separate properly
-leads to an abnormal sperm or egg

-a resulting condition could be down-syndrome ( 3 of chromosome 21)

Bio 100 (1 decks)

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